ME2251 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER Two Marks Questions With Answers 2014

Anna University, Chennai

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

DEP ARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

TWO MARK QUES TIO NS WITH ANS WERS

ACEDAMIC YEAR 2013-20 14

P REPAR ED BY

MRS.R. SIVA RANJANI.DST, BTECH .,

UNIT –I

PART -A

QUE STION AND ANSWERS

1 . Define He at transfe r?

Heat transfer can b e de fined as the tran smission o f en ergy from one re gion to anothe r regio n to te mpe ra ture diffe re nce. `

2 . What are the mode s of he at tran sfer?

Conductio n Convection Rad iatio n.

3 . What is conduction ?

Heat condu ctio n is a mechanism o f he at tran sfer from a region of high temp erature to a regio n of low temperature with in a medium (S olid, liquid or Gases) or d ifferen t medium in dire ct phy sic al c on ta ct. In conduc tion , ene rgy excha nge take s p la ce b y the kin ema tics motio n or d irec t impa ct o f mo le cu le s .Pure conduc tion is found on ly in solid s.

4 . State Fourier’s la w of c onduc tio n.

The rate of h ea t co nduction is prop ortional to the area measured n ormal to the direc tion of hea t flo w and to th e tempe rature grad ient in that dire ction.

5 . Define T herma l conduc tivity

Thermal conductivity is define d as the ab ility of a sub stance to con duct hea t.

6 . List down th e three typ es of bounda ry conditio ns

P rescribe d tempe rature P rescribe d heat flux Boundary cond ition s.

7 . Define con vec tio n.

Convection is a process of hea t tra nsfer tha t will oc cu r be tween solid su rfac e and a flu id medium when they are at diffe rent tempe ra tu res. Convection is po ssible on ly in th e pre sence of fluid med ium.

8 . Define Ra diation

T h e h ea t tra n sfe r fro m o n e b o dy to a no th e r w ith o u t a ny tra n sm ittin g medium is known a s rad ia tio n .It is a n ele ctromagnetic wave p henomenon.

9 . State Newton’s law o f cooling o r conv ec tion la w.

Heat tran sfer by c onvec tio n is give n by Newton ’s law of coo ling Q = hA(Ts-T )

Whe re ;-A- Are a exposed to he at tran sfer in m2 h - H ea t transfe r coeffic ie nt o f the surfa ce in KT s-Tempera tu re o f the surface in K- Tempe rature of the flu id in K

1 0.Define ove ra l he at tran sfer co-e fficien t.

The ove rall he at tran sfer b y combined mode s is usually expresse d in terms of an overall con ductan ce o r overall hea t transfer co-effic ient’ Heat tra nsfe r, Q

1 1.Define fins o r extended surfaces.

It is p ossib le to in crea se the heat tran sfer rate by inc reasing the su rface of h ea t tra nsfe r. The surfaces u sed fo r in crea sing h ea t transfe r are c alled exte nded surfa ce s some times kn own a s fin s.

1 2.State the app lic atio ns o f fin s.

1. Coo ling o f e le ctronic components.2. Coolin g of motor cyc le engines.3. Cooling o f sma l ca pa city comp ressors4. Coo ling o f transformers.

1 3.Define fin effic ie nc y.

The effic iency of a fin is d efin ed a s the ratio of ac tual heat tran sferred to the ma ximum po ssible to heat tran sferred by th e fin .

η=Qfin /Qmax

1 4.Define F in e ffectiv eness.

F in effectiveness is the ratio of heat tran sfer with fin to that w ithout fin

F in e f fe c t iv e n e s s = Q w it h f i n /Q w i t h o u t f in .

1 5.What is mea nt by stead y sta te hea t c onduc tio n?

If th e temperature of a bo dy does not va ry with time , it is sa id to b e in a ste ady state and tha t type of con ductio n is known a s stead y sta te h ea t c onduc tio n.

1 6.What is mea nt by transient he at co ndu ction o r un stea dy state conduc tion ?

If th e te mpe rature of a bod y va rie s with time, it is sa id to be in a transie nt state a nd tha t ty pe of con ductio n is k nown a s transie nt hea t conduction or unsteady state cond uc tion .

1 7.What is Pe riod ic heat flow?

In Pe riod ic hea t flow, the temp erature va rie s on a re gu la r ba sis E xa mple;

1. Cylind er o f a n IC engin e.

2. Su rfac e of ea rth durin g a pe rio d of 24 hours.

1 8.What is non Pe riod ic hea t flow?

In non P eriodic heat flow , the temperature a t an y po in t within th e sy stem varies n on lin early with time. Examp le :

1. Hea ting of an ingo t in furnace .

2. Coo ling o f b ars.

1 9.What is mea nt by Newtonia n heating or cooling proc ess?

The process in which the inte rnal resistan ce is a ssume d as n egligible in compa rison with its surfa ce re sista nce is kno wn a s Newtonian hea tin g or coo lin g proc ess.

2 0.What is mea nt by Lumped he at analysis?

In a Newton ian he ating or coo lin g proce ss the tempera tu re th roughou t the so lid is

considered to be uniform a t a give n time. Such an ana lysis is ca lle d Lumped h ea t capacity analysis.

2 1.What is mea nt by semi-in fin ite solid s?

In sem i-infin ite solids, at any in stan t of time , the re is a lw ays a po in t where the effec t

of hea tin g or cooling at one o f its b ounda rie s is not felt a t all .At this po in t the temp erature rema ins unchan ge d .In semi infin ite solid s, the bio t nu mbe r value s is

2 2.What is mea nt by infinite solid?

A so lid whic h extends itself infin itely in all d irec tio ns o f sp ac e is kn own a s infin ite so lid. In in finite so lid s, th e biot nu mbe r va lue is in be tween0.1 a nd 100. 0.1 < Bi< 1 00

2 3.Define Bio t nu mbe r.

It is d efined a s the ratio of interna l cond uc tiv e re sista nce to the surface conductive re sista nc e. Interna l cond uctive resistan ce Bi= -----------------------------------su rfac e conductive resistan ce .

2 4.What is the signific ance o f Biot number?

Biot number is u se d to find Lumped he at a na ly sis, Se mi infin ite solid s an d in fin ite solid s If Bi< 0.1 Lumped heat analysis.Bi= 0.1 < Bi< 10 025.

2 5.What are the factors affec ting the therma l co nduc tivity?

1. Mo isture2. Density o f mate rial3 . P ressu re4. Tempe ratu re 5. Structural of material.

2 6.Exp lain th e sign ific ance o f therma l diffu sivity.

The physic al signific ance of thermal diffusivity is that it te lls us h ow fa st heat is prop agated or it d iffuses throu gh a material during change s of temperature with time .

2 7.What are He islers c harts?

In Heisle rs c ha rt, the solution s fo r temp erature distribution s and heat flows in plane wa ls, lo ng cy lin ders and sphere s w ith finite in te rnal a nd surfa ce resistance are prese nted. He islers ch arts are no thing but a ana lytic al so lu tio ns in the form of graph s

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UNIT –II

PART -A

QUE STION AND ANSWER

2 8.What is dimen sio nal analysis?

Dimen sional ana lysis is a ma th ema tic al me thod which ma kes use of the stu dy o f the d ime nsions for so lv ing seve ral e ngin ee ring p ro blems. T his method can be applie d to all types o f fluid re sista nce, hea t flow prob le ms in flu id mec han ics and the rmodynamics.

2 9.State Buck in gh am’s the orem. Buck in gham’s theo rem state s as fo llow s:

“If there are n v aria bles in a dimen sionally homogene ou s equa tion and if th ese contain M dimen sion s, then the v ariable s are a rran ged in to (n-m) d imension le ss te rms. Th ese dime nsio na l terms a re called B uck ingh am’s the orem.

3 0.What are a l th e advantages of d imensiona l a na ly sis?

1. It e xp re sses the fu nc tional re latio nship be tween the va ria bles in d im ensiona l terms.

2. It enable s ge tting u p a theoretic al so lu tio n in a simplifie d dimen sional fo rm.

3. The results of one series o f test can be app lie d to a la rge nu mbe r of o ther simila r prob le ms with the he lp of d imen sion al ana lysis.

3 1.What are a l th e limitations of d imensional a na lysis?

1. The comp lete information is no t p ro vided by d ime nsiona l a na ly sis .It on ly in dica te s th at there is so me relationship between the p arame ters.

2. No information is g iv en abo ut the in ternal mechanism o f ph ysical phenomenon .

3. Dimen sional ana lysis doe s not giv e any clu e re gard ing the selectio n of variab le s.

3 2.Define Re ynolds numb er (Re)

It is de fin ed a s the ratio of in ertia force to v isco us force. Inertia force R e= --------------- Viscous force.

3 3.Define P ra ndtl number (P r)

It is the ratio of th e momentum d iffusiv ity to the the rma l d iffusiv ity. P r=Mo men tum diffusivity / the rma l d iffusiv ity

3 4.Define Nu sselts Nu mbe r (Nu).

It is d efined a s th e ra tio of the heat flow by convec tio n p roce ss unde r an u nit temp erature grad ient to the hea t flo w ra te b y conduction unde r an unit temp erature gra dient through a sta tio nary thic kne ss (L) of meter.

3 5.Define Grasho f number (Gr).

It is de fined as the ratio o f p roduc t o f ine rtia forc e and b uoy ancy force to the squa re o f visc ou s force

3 6.Define S ta nton number (St)

It is the ratio of Mu ssels numbe r to the p rodu ct o f Reyno lds numbe r and P ran dtl numbe r.

3 7.What is mea nt by Newtonia n and non- Newton ia n flu ids?

The flu id s whic h obey the N ewton ’s la w of v isco sity are calle d Newtonian s flu ids a nd those wh ich do not obey a re ca lled non Newton ia n flu ids.

3 8.What is mea nt by lamin ar flow and turbulent flow?

Laminar flow :

Laminar flow is so metimes called streams line flow .In this type o f flo w , the flu id m ove s in la ye r and each fluid pa rticle fo llo ws a smooth c ontinuous pa th . The flu id p artic als in each layer remain in an orderly seque nce with out mixing with ea ch o ther.

Tu rb ulen t flo w:

In add ition to the lamina r type of flow, a d istin ct irre gu la r flo w is fre quen tly ob se rved in n ature. This type of flow is ca lled tu rb ulen t flo w .T he pa th o f a ny ind iv id ua l pa rticle is z igza g an d irregular.

3 9.What is hydro dynamic s bo unda ry layer?

In hy drodynamics b oun da ry layer, velo city o f the fluid is less th an 9 9% of free stre am ve locity.

4 0.What is therma l boun dary layer?

In the rmal b ou nda ry la ye r, te mpe ra tu re o f the fluid is le ss tha n 99 % o f free stre am temp erature.

4 1.Define con vec tio n.

Convection is a process o f he at tran sfer that will o ccur betwe en a solid su rfac e and a flu id mediu m w hen th ey a re at d ifferen t temperatures.

4 2.What is mea nt by free or na tu ra l c on vectio n?

If the flu id mo tio n is p ro du ced due to c han ge in density resultin g from temp erature

gra dients, the mode of hea t transfe r is said to be free o r na tural c onvection.

4 3.What is fo rc ed convection?

If th e flu id m otio n is artific ially crea ted by means o f an exte rnal force lik e a blow er o f fan ,that type of h ea t tra nsfe r is k nown as forc ed convec tio n.

4 4.What is th e fo rm of equation u sed to calcu late transfe r fo r flo w through cylindrica l pipe s?

Nu = 0 .023 (R e) 0 .8 (P r) n n = 0.4 for hea tin g of fluids=0.3 for co olin g of flu ids

4 5.What are the d imensional p arameters used in forced c onv ec tio n?

1. Re yno lds n umbe r (Re )

2. Nusselt Nu mbe r (Nu)

3. Prandtl n umber (P r)

4 6.Define bounda ry la ye r thickness.

The th ickness of the boundary layer has been defin ed a s the d istanc e from the su rface at w hich the loc al veloc ity o r te mpe rature reache s 99% o f th e exte rnal velocity o r te mpe ra ture.

4 7.In dica te th e concep t of sign ifica nce of bou ndary laye r.

In the boundary laye r c oncep t the flow fie ld o ve r a body is d iv ided in to two regio ns: A th in reg ion ne ar the b ody called the b ounda ry la yer whe re the v eloc ity and the temp erature grad ients are large . The re gion ou tside the boun da ry lay er where the ve locity and the te mpera tu re gra dien ts a re very ne arly equal to th eir fre e stre am va lues.

4 8.Define d isplac ement th ickn ess.

The disp lacement thickne ss is the d istan ce , measured pe rpen dicu lar to the boun da ry , by which the free stream is d isp lac ed on accoun t of fo rmatio n of bou ndary laye r.

4 9.Define mo men tu m th ic kness.

The momentum thickness is de fin ed as the dista nce through wh ich the total lo ss o f

momentum per seco nd be equal to if it were passing a stationa ry plate.

5 0.Define ene rgy th ickness.

The energy thic kne ss can be defined as the distance, measured perpend ic ular to the o f the solid b od y ,by which the bounda ry should be displac ed to compensate fo r the reduction in k in etic ene rgy of the flo win g flu id on ac count o f boundary la ye r formation

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UNIT –III

PART -A

QUE STION AND ANSWERS

5 1.Define boilin g.

The ch an ge o f phase fro m liqu id to v apour state is known as boiling

5 2.What is mea nt by c onden sa tio n?

The ch an ge o f phase fro m vapou r to liq uid state is known as con densation.

5 3.Give the app lic atio n of boiling a nd conden sa tio n.

Bo iling a nd con den sa tio n process fin ds wid e application a s mentio ned be lo w.

1. Thermal and nuc lea r power poin t

2. Re frigeration systems.

3. Process of he atin g and cooling.

4. Air cond ition in g sy stem .

5 4.What is mea nt poo l boilin g?

If hea t is ad ded to a liquid fro m a submerge d so lid surfa ce , the bo iling p rocess is referred to as pool bo iling. In th is c ase the liquid a bove the hot surface is e ssen tia lly sta gn ant and it motion ne ar th e su rfac e is due to free c onvectio n and mixing ind uced by bub ble growth and detachm ent.

5 5.What are the mode s of co ndensation ?

The re are two modes of c ondensatio n

1. Film wise co ndensation.

2. Drop wise conde nsation

5 6.What is Film wise cond ensation?

The liq uid co nde nsate we ts th e so lid surfa ce , spread ou t and fo rm s a continuo us film over th e en tire surface is k nown as film wise co ndensation .

5 7.What is Drop wise condensation?

The vapo ur conden se s into sma ll liq uid drop le ts of various size s whic h fa ll do wn the surfa ce in a rando m fa shion.

5 8.What is heat exchange?

The hea t e xchan ge is d efin ed a s equipment which tran sfers the hea t fro m a h ot fluid to a co ld fluid.

5 9.What are the types of hea t e xchan ge r?

The type s o f heat excha nger are as fo llow s.

1. Direc t con tact heat e xcha ngers.

2. In dire ct con tac t heat exchangers

3. Surface he at e xc hangers

4. Parallel flow hea t exchan ge r

6 0.What is mea nt by in direc t contact hea t e xchan ge rs?

In this typ e of heat exc hangers, the tran sfer o f heat between two flu id s cou ld be

ca rried out by transmission throu gh a wa ll wh ic h sepa ra tes the two fluids

6 1.What is mea nt by Re ge ne ra to rs?

In th is type o f heat exchangers, ho t an d co ld fluids flow a lterna tely th rough the same . Examp le s: IC engin es, Ga s turbine .

6 2.What is mea nt by Recu pe ra to rs or surface heat exchangers?

Th is is th e most common type of heat e xchangers in which the h ot and cold flu id do no t come into dire ct contac t with each othe r bu t are se pa ra ted by a tube wall o r a surfa ce E xamples: Au to mob ile rad ia tors, Air pre he aters, e con omiz ers

6 3.What is mea nt by p aralle l flow heat exch angers?

In th is ty pe o f h ea t exchan ge rs, h ot and c old flu ids move in the same dire ction.

6 4.What is mea nt by Coun te r flo w he at e xc hangers?

In th is typ e of hea t exchan gers, ho t an d cold flu ids move in p arallel b ut o pposite d irec tio n

6 5.What is mea nt by c ro ss flow heat exchan gers?

In th is ty pe o f h ea t exchan ge rs, h ot and c old flu ids move a t right angles to e ach othe r.

6 6.What is mea nt by S hell and tube hea t exch an ge rs?

In th is ty pe of hea t e xchan ge rs, one of th e fluids move s through a bund le o f tube s

enclosed by a she ll. T he oth er fluid is fo rc ed throu gh the she ll an d it mov es o ve r the ou tside surface of the tu be s.

6 7.What is mea nt by Compact heat e xcha ngers?

There are man y specia l pu rp ose hea t e xch an ge rs c alled co mpact hea t exchan gers. They a re gene rally e mployed wh en c onvec tio n hea t transfe r co-effic ie nt a ssoc ia ted with one of the fluid s is much sma lle r tha n that associated with the other flu id .

6 8.What is mea nt by LMT D?

We know tha t the temperature diffe renc e be tween the ho t an d co ld fluids in the h ea t exch an ge rs varies from po in t to po in t. In addition various modes o f heat exchan ger are inv olved. Therefore ba sed on c oncep t of app ropriate mea n tempe ra tu re d ifference , also ca lle d lo ga rithmic mean temperatu re d ifference

6 9.What is mea nt Fou lin g fa ctor?

We know, the surfa ce s of heat e xcha nge rs do n ot remain clean after it has be en in use for some time .The su rface beco me fou led with scalin g or deposits .T he effec t of th ese depo sits affecting the value o f overall hea t tra nsfe r co –e fficien t. This e ffec t is taken ca re of by intro du cing a n additio na l the rma l resistan ce called fou ling re sista nce .

7 0.What is mea nt by Effec tive ne ss?

The hea t e xchan ge r effec tivene ss is d efined a s the ratio of actua l heattra nsfe r to the ma ximum possib le heat transfer. £=actual heat transfer/ma ximu m po ssible h ea t tra nsfe r

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UNIT –IV

PART A

QUE STION AND UNIT ANSWERS

7 1.Define Ra diation?

The h ea t transfe r from on e body to anoth er withou t any transm ittin g mediu m is known a s radia tion .It is a n elec tromagnetic wave phenomenon.

7 2.Define emissiv e po wer?

The emissive p owe r is de fin ed a s th e total amount of rad iatio n emitte d by a body pe r un it time and unit a rea .It is expressed in W/m2.

7 3.Define mo nochromatic emissive powe r.

The en ergy emitte d by the surfac e at a given length pe r un it time a rea in all dire ction is known as mono chro matic emissive powe r.

7 4.What is mea nt by a bsorptiv e?

Ab so rp tive is define d as the ra tio b etween rad ia tion absorbed a nd inc iden t rad ia tio n

7 5.What is mea nt by reflec tivity?

Re flec tiv ity is d efin ed a s the ratio of radiation reflec te d to the incid ent radia tion

7 6.What is mea nt by transmissivity ?

T ran smissivity is de fine d as th e ratio of rad ia tio n transmitted to the inc iden t rad iatio n

7 7.What is blac k body?

Blac k b ody is a n id eal su rfac e having the fo llo wing prop erties.1. A black bo dy ab so rb s a ll in cide nt rad ia tio n, rega rdless o f wave length an dd irec tio n.2. For a prescribed tempe ra tu re and wave le ngth, n o su rface ca n em it more energy than black body.

7 8.State Wien ’s d ispla cemen t law.

T h e W ie n ’s d isp la ce men t law give s the relation ship b etween temperature and wave len gth co rrespondin g to the ma ximum spe ctra l e missiv e power o f the bla ck body a t tha t temperature.Tma x= C3C3= 2.9 * 1 0-3 Tma x= 2.9 * 10-3mk

7 9.State the S te fan –Boltzma nn law.

The emissive p owe r of a black body is proportion al to the fou rth power of a bsolute temp erature.Eb= Emissive p owe r W/m2

–Boltz mann constant = 5.67 * 10-8W/m2 K4

8 0.Define Emissiv ity.

It is de fine d as the ab ility of the surface of a bod y to radiate hea t .It is a lso d efin ed a s the ratio of emissive powe r of anybo dy to the e missiv e po wer of a b lack body o f eq ua l temp erature

8 1.What is mea nt by gray bo dy?

If a bo dy absorbs a definite pe rcen ta ge o f inc id en t radia tion irre sp ec tive of the ir wave len gth, the bo dy is kn own a s gray bo dy. The emissive p owe r of a gray b ody is a lway s less tha n that of the black body.

8 2.State Kircho ff’s law of radiation .

Th is la w states that th e ra tio o f total emissive p owe r to the ab so rp tiv ity is co nstant fo r all surfac es wh ich are in therma l equilib rium with th e su rround in g. It a lso sta tes tha t the e missiv ity o f the body is a lway s equa l to its absorptivity when the body rema ins in the rma l equilibriu m w ith its su rrou ndin gs.

8 3.Define inten sity of ra diation (Ib ).

It is de fined as the ra te o f energy leavin g a spac e in a given d ire ctio n pe r un it so lid an gle p er unit a rea of the e mittin g surfa ce normal to the mean direc tion in space.

8 4.State Lambe rt’s co sin e la w.

It state s that the total emissive po wer Eb from a rad iatin g plane surfac e in a ny direc tion propo rtional to the cosine o f the angle of e missio n

8 5.What is the purpose of ra diation shie ld ?

Radiation shield c onstructed from lo w emissivity (high re fle ctiv e) materials. It is used to redu ce the ne t radia tion tran sfer be tween two surfaces.

8 6.Define Irra diation (G)?

It is de fin ed a s th e total ra diation inc id en t upon a su rface pe r unit time per un it area . It is expresse d in W/m2

8 7.What is ra diosity ( J)

It is used to ind ic ate the tota l radia tion le avin g a su rface pe r unit time pe r un it area. It is expresse d in W/m2.

8 8.What are the a ssumptio ns made to calcu late radia tion e xc hange be tween the su rfa ces?

1. All surfa ce s are con side red to be e ith er b la ck of gray.

2. Ra diation and refle ction p roce ss a re assu med to b e diffu se .

3. The a bsorptivity o f a surface is tak en equa l to the emissiv ity and in depen dent o f temp erature o f the sou rce of the incid ent radiation.

8 9.What is mea nt by shape fac tor and mention its physic al sign ifica nce .

The sh ape facto r is de fined a s

“The fraction o f the rad ioac tive ene rgy tha t is diffu se d from one su rface e le men t a nd strikes th e othe r su rface direc tly with no intervening reflection “ it is rep re sented by Fij.O th er na mes for radia tion shape fa ctor are view factor, an gle fa ctor a nd configura tion fac to r .The shape facto r is u se d in the analysis of rad io ac tive h ea t exch an ge between two surface s

9 0.Disc uss th e rad ia tio n charac te ristics of c arbo n dioxide a nd wa te r v apour.

T h e C O 2 andH2 O both ab so rb and emit ra diation over ce rtain wa ve len gth re gion s ca lle d ab so rp tion ban ds. The radiation in these ga se s is a vo lu me phen omenon. The em issivity of CO2and the emissiv ity of H2O at a pa rticula r temperature inc reases w ith pa rtial pressu re and mean beam length.

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UNIT –V

PART-A

9 1.Define Schm id t Nu mbe r?

It is d efined as the ratio of the molec ular diffusivity o f momentum to the mo le cu la r

diffusivity of ma ss

.

9 2.Define Sche rwoo d number.

It is de fin ed a s the ratio of conce ntra tio n grad ie nt at the bo undary.

9 3.Define Ma ss Concen tra tion .

Mass of a component p er unit volume of the mixture .It is e xp re ssed in k g/m3.

9 4.Define Ma ss Concen tra tion .

Mass of a component p er unit volume of the mixture .It is e xp re ssed in k g/m3

9 5.Define ma ss frac tio n.

The mass fra ctio n is de fine d as the ra tio o f mass concentra tion of species to the to ta l density of th e mixture

9 6.Define mo le frac tio ns.

The mole fra ctio n is de fine d as the ra tio o f mole concentra tion of species to the to ta l molar concentration.

CS1014 – USER INTERFACE DESIGN Questions Bank 2014

Anna University, Chennai

SRINNVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,PERAMBALUR DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CS1014 – USER INTERFACE DESIGN

QUESTION BANK UNIT- I

USER INTERFACE BASICS

PART –B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain briefly about the Characteristics of GUI. (16)

2. Mention the Advantages and Disadvantages of GUI in detail. (16)

3. Write a detail note on Characteristics of Web User Interface. (16)

4. Explain the general principles of User Interface Design. (16)

5. Explain the characteristics of intranet and internet. (16)

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UNIT-II INTERFACE DESIGN

PART –B (16 MARKS)

6. Explain the importance of human consideration in UI design with suitable example? (16)

7. What are the important human Characteristics that influence the Interface

Design process? Discuss. (16)

8. What is requirement analysis? What are the methods involved in it? What is the impact of it on UI design? (16)

9. Discuss the process involved in understanding the user’s mental model in

detail. (16)

10. What are the guidelines to be followed while designing a Conceptual model?

Explain. (16)

11. List the qualities that provide a visually pleasing composition for the screen design and discuss. (16)

12. Explain briefly about the Structure of Menus and how they can be phrased. (16)

13. Define and explain the components of Statistical Graphics. (16)

14. Explain the types of Statistical Graphics? (16)

15. Discuss briefly about Navigating Menus? (16)

16. . Explain the Kinds of Graphical Menu? (16)

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UNIT –III

INTERFACE CHARACTERISTICS PART-B (16 MARKS)

17. Explain briefly about the presentation styles of window. (16)

18. Discuss briefly about the types of windows. (16)

19. Write a note on Organizing Window Functions. (16)

20. Explain the types of Device Based Controls and also mention the guidelines for selecting the proper device-based controls. (16)

21. Explain the types of Operable Controls. (16)

22. Explain the types of Presentation Controls. (16)

23. Explain guidelines for selecting the proper controls. (16)

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UNIT-IV

WEB PRESENTATION PART –B (16 MARKS)

24. Write a note on writing Message Box Text. (16)

25. What is Text? Write a note on presenting text and writing text? (16)

26. Discuss briefly about text on web pages. (16)

27. Write a note on providing the proper feedback. (16)

28. Write a note on Guidance and Assistance. (16)

29. Explain the types of Disabilities. (16)

30. Explain Kinds of Icons, Characteristics of icons and Choosing Icons. (16)

31. Write a note on Organization Guidelines. (16)

32. Discuss briefly about windows Guidelines and Web page Guidelines. (16)

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UNIT-V LAYOUT TESTING PART –B (16 MARKS)

33. Write a note on Scope of Testing. (16)

34. Write a note on information Search. (16)

35. Explain the different kinds of test in detail. (16)

36. What are the steps for developing and conducting test? (16)

37. Explain WWW with example. (16)

38. Discuss briefly about Software tools. (16)

39. Explain the prototypes of Layout design. (16)

CS1014 – USER INTERFACE DESIGN Two Marks Questions With Answers 2014

Anna University, Chennai

SRINNVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,PERAMBALUR DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CS1014 – USER INTERFACE DESIGN

QUESTION BANK UNIT- I

USER INTERFACE BASICS

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. Define User Interface? What are the two components in User Interface?

It is collection of techniques and mechanisms to interact with something. It has to components Input and Output.

2. What is meant by HCI?

It is the Study, planning and design of how people and computer work together so that a person needs are satisfied in the most effective way.

3. Define Pick and Click Interaction?

PICK: To identity an element for a proposed action. CLICK: The signal to perform an action.

4. What is an object? Explain its types?

Object is an entity. It can be manipulated as a single unit. Object can be classified into three types.

1). Data Object 2). Container Object 3). Device Object.

5. Define Property Attribute Specification? Explain its Sequence?

Property/Attributer specification action establishes or modifies the attributes or properties of objects.

Property/Attributer specification sequence

1).The user selects an object (Ex) several words of text.

2).The user then selects an action to apply to that object such as action Bold.

6. What is User Assistance in Wed Interface Design?

· It cannot provide help the system.

· Customer service support, if provided is generally oriented to the product or service offered.

7. Write a note on consistency?

· Consistency is important because it can reduce requirements for human leaving by allowing skills learned in one situation to be transferred to another like it.

· It also aids learning of the system’s mental model.

8. Explain the Types of Compatibility?

· User compatibility: Design must be appropriate and compatible with the needs of the user

· Task and job compatibility: The organization of a system should match the tasks a person must do to perform the job.

· Product compatibility: While compatibility across products must always be considered in relation to improving interfaces, making new systems compatible with the existing systems.

9. What is meant by Transparency?

Permit the user to focus on the task or job, without concern for the mechanics of the

Interface.

Workings and reminders of workings inside the computer should be invisible to the user.

10. Explain five ways to provide Simplicity?

Provide as simple an interface as possible.

Five ways to provide simplicity:

· Use progressive disclosure, hiding things until they are needed

o Present common and necessary functions first

o Prominently feature important functions

o Hide more sophisticated and less frequently used functions

· Provide defaults

· Minimize screen alignment points

· Make common actions simple at the expense of uncommon actions being made harder

· Provide uniformity and consistency

11. What are container objects?

The term "container" refers to one of two things:

· An object of the container structural class.

· An object that has child objects.

Container is a structural class of object, which means that container objects can be created in Active Directory. In the schema, structural classes define objects that can be created as instances of the class in Active Directory.

12. Define view.

Views are ways of looking at an object’s information.

Four kinds of view

· Composed views – Presents information and the object contained within an object.

· Contents views – List the components of objects.

· Settings Views – Permit settings and changing object properties.

· Help views – Provide all the help functions.

13. What is web interface design?

It is essentially the design of navigation and the presentation of information. Proper interface design is matter of properly balancing the structure and relationships of menus, content and other linked documents or graphics.

14. Differentiate GUI and Web Page Design.

GUI Design	Web page Design
Characteristics of interface such as monitor and modem are well designed.	The user device may range from handheld mechanisms to high end work station.
It navigates through structured menus, lists, screens dialogs and wizards.	It navigate through links, book marks and typed URLs

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UNIT-II INTERFACE DESIGN PART-A (2-MARKS)

15. What is meant by Visual Activity?

The capacity of the eye to resolve details is called visual activity. Visual Activity is approximately halved at a distance of 2.5 degrees from the point of eye fixation.

16. What is meant by Short Term and Long Term Memory?

Short Term Memory	Long Term Memory
Contains limited amount of information	Contains Unlimited amount of information
Receives information from either the senses or long term memory	Receives information from Short Term through learning process.

17. Explain direct method in requirement analysis?

· Individual face to face interview

· Telephone Interview or survey

· Traditional Focus group

· Facilitated team Workshop

· Observational field study

· Requirements prototyping

· Usability Laboratory testing

18. Explain indirect method in requirement analysis?

o Paper Survey.

o Electronic Survey.

o Electronic Focus Group.

o Marketing and sales.

o Support Line.

o Email or Bulletin Board.

o System Testing.

19. Write a note on Grouping?

· Grouping screen elements aids in establishing structure, meaningful relationships and meaningful form.

· Groupings aids in information recall and results in a faster screen search

20. What are the perceptual principles used to create functional grouping?

Use visual organization to create functional group. Combine visual organization principles in logical ways. Avoid visual organization principles that conflict.

21. List the guidelines to be followed for Scrolling and paging.

Scrolling:

· Avoid scrolling to determine page contents

A page’s subject should be immediately recognizable

Elements crucial to identifying

· Minimize vertical scrolling

· Avoid horizontal scrolling

Paging:

Encourage viewing the page through “paging”

Create a second version of a website, one consisting of individual screen that are

Viewed through “paging”.

22. List the guidelines to be followed for font styles and weight.

Ø Use no more than:

- Two styles of the same family.

· Standard and Italic.

· Italic is best presented in a serif font.

- Two weights.

· Regular and bold.

· Bold is best presented in a sans serif font.

Ø Use italics when you want to call attention.

Ø Use bold when you want to call attention or create a hierarchy.

Ø In web pages, use an underline only to indicate a navigation link.

23. What is meant by Auto Skipping?

Auto Skip is a feature that causes a cursor to automatically move to the beginning of the next entry control field once the previous field is completely filled. Auto skip obviates manual tabbing and requires fewer key strokes to complete the screen.

24. List the Intranet design guidelines.

Ø Provide a single home page containing at least:

· A directory hierarchy.

· A search facility.

Ø Present a visual style that is:

· Different.

· Distinguishing.

· Unified.

Ø Orient the internet Web site toward tasks.

Ø Include many options and features.\

Ø Develop a strong navigational system.

25. List the Extranet design guidelines.

Ø To distinguish the extranet from the internet, provide subtle difference in:

· Visual style.

· Navigation.

Ø Provide links to the public internet site.

26. What are the guidelines to be followed to design a pie chart?

If Pie chart are used , the guidelines below should be followed.

· Total 100 percent.

· Five segments or fewer.

· Minimum five percent.

· Start at 12:00.

· Labeling.

· Number with segment labels.

· Segment Coding.

· Highlighting.

· Tilting.

List the technology considerations in Interface design. Graphical Systems:

· System power.

· Screen size.

· Screen resolution.

· Display colors.

· Other display features.

· System platform being used.

· Development and implementation tools being used.

· Platform style guide being used.

Web Systems:

· Understand the current level of Web Technology.

· Design for system configuration used by most users.

· Refrain from haphazard use of leading – edge technology.

27. List the guidelines to be followed for Tables.

· Provide descriptive headings and where, appropriate, subheadings for columns and rows.

· Do not include colons(:) after the headings.

· Justify columns headings according to the data presented in the table cells.

· Left justify row headings.

· Organize the presented data or information logically and clearly.

· Justify the data presented in a column according to its content.

· Length should not exceed the depth of a screen.

· Use light background.

· Provide consistent spacing between columns and rows.

· If more than seven rows are presented, insert white space after every fifth row.

· Use caution in placing border around cells.

28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Pull-down Menu?

Advantages:

· The menu bar cues a reminder of their existence.

· They may locate relatively consistently on the screen.

· No window space is consumed when they are not used.

· They are easy to browse through.

· Their vertical orientation is most efficient for scanning.

· Their vertical orientation is most efficient for grouping.

· Their vertical orientation permits more choice to be displayed.

· They allow for display of both keyboard equivalents and accelerators.

Disadvantages:

· They require searching and selecting from another menu before seeing options.

· They require looking away from main working area to read.

· They require moving the pointer out of working area to select.

· The items are smaller than full-size buttons, slowing selection time.

· They may obscure the screen working area.

·

29. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading Menu?

Advantages:

· The top level menu, are simplified because some choices are hidden

· Move first letter mnemonics are available because menu possess fewer alternatives.

Disadvantages:

· Access to submenu items requires more steps and a change in pointer movement direction.

· Exhaustive browsing is more difficult.

30. Define Window.

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UNIT –III

INTERFACE CHARACTERISTICS PART-A (2-MARKS)

The application program in Windows operating system is opened in rectangular area on the desktop. This rectangular area is known as window.

31. Mention the characteristics of Windows.

A window is seen to possess the following characteristics:

· A name or title, allowing it to be identified.

· A size in height and width.

· A state, accessible or active, or not accessible.

· Visibility – the portion that can be seen.

· A location, relative to the display boundary.

· Presentation, that is, its arrangement in relation to other windows. It may be titled, overlapping, or cascading.

· Management capabilities, methods for manipulation of the window on the screen.

· Its highlight, that is, the part that is selected.

· The functions, task, or application to which is dedicated.

32. What is known as Unfolding Window?

An unfolding secondary window expands to reveal additional options, a window of progressive discloser. Unfolding windows, sometimes called expanding windows, generally used to provide advanced options at the same level in the complex dialog.

33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Multiple Document interface?

Advantages:

· The child windows share the parent windows interface components , making it a very space – efficient interface.

· Useful for managing a set of object.

· Provides a grouping and focus for a set of activities within the larger environment of the desktop.

Disadvantages:

· Reinforces an application as the primary focus.

· Containment for secondary windows within child windows does not exist, obscuring window relationships and possibly creating confusion.

· Because the parent window does not actually contain objects, context cannot always be maintained on closing and opening.

· The relationship between files and their windows abstract, making an MDI

application more challenging for beginning users to learn.

· Confining child windows to the parent window can be inconvenient or inappropriate for some tasks.

· The nested nature of child windows may make it difficult for the user to distinguish a child window from a primary window that is peer with the parent window but is positioned on top.

34. What are the general guidelines for window Operations?

· Design easy to use and learn windows operations.

· Minimize the number of window operations necessary to achieve a desired effect.

· Make navigating between windows particularly easy and efficient to do.

· Make a setting up of windows particularly to remember.

· In overlapping systems, provide powerful commands for arranging windows on the screen in user – tailor able configurations.

35. What are the characteristics of device based Controls?

They are the mechanism through which people communicate their desires to the system, also known as input devices.

To point an object on the screen.

· To select the object or identify it as the focus of attention

· To drag an object across the screen

· To draw something free form on the screen

· To track or follow a moving object

· To orient or position an object

· To enter or manipulate data or information

36. What are the advantages & disadvantages of Buttons?

The Command button is a common control frequently used in VB programming. This is one of the first controls that beginners learn to place onto a form and then to code an "event procedure" for the command control object. An event procedure is something that happens in response to a user action such as a click or a "mouse over".

37. Write a note on Keyboard Guidelines?

· Provide keyboard accelerators.

· Provide keyboard equivalents.

· Provide window navigation through use of keyboard keys.

38. What are the advantages & disadvantages of drop-down box?

Advantages:

· Unlimited number of choices.

· Reminds users of available options.

· Conserves screen space.

Disadvantages:

· Requires an extra action to display the list of choice.

· When displayed, all choices may not always be visible, requiring scrolling.

· \The list may be ordered in an unpredictable way, making it hard to find items.

39. What is known as Balloon Tips?

A balloon tip, is a small pop-up window that contains information presented in a word balloon. Its components can include a title, body text, and informational, warning , or critical icons.

40. What is meant by Sample box?

A sample box is a box illustrating what will show up on the screen based upon the parameter or parameters currently selected. Sample boxes may include text, graphics, or both.

41. Write a note on Scrolling Tickers?

A scrolling tickers is a window that contain text scrolling horizontally. That is text that scrolls horizontally through a container window. The most prudent guideline at the moment is: do not use scrolling tickers.

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UNIT-IV

WEB PRESENTATION Part-A (2-MARKS)

42. What is a message? What are the types of Message?

Messages are communications provide on the screen to the screen viewer. Several different types of message exist, and they may be displayed in different forms and locations. A message should possess the proper tone and style and be consistent within itself and with other messages.

Common message types are:

· Status messages

· Informational messages

· Warning messages

· Critical messages

· Questions messages

43. Write a note on Message box controls?

Command buttons:

· If a messages requires no choice to be made but only acknowledgment. (OK

button)

· If a requires a choice be made, provide command button for each option. (OK and

Cancel buttons), (YES or NO buttons)

· If a message allows initiation of an action to correct the situation described.(Labeled button)

· If a message describes an interrupted process whose state cannot be restored.(STOP button)

· If a message offers an opportunity to cancel a process as well as perform or not perform an action.(Cancel button)

· If more details about a message topic must be presented.(HELP button)

· Designate the most frequent or least destructive option as the default.

Close box:

· Enables the title bar close box only if the message includes a cancel button.

44. What is meant by instructional message?

Instructional messages

· Provide instructional information at the depth of detail needed by the user.

· Locate it at strategic position on the screen.

· Display it in a manner that visually differentiates it from other screen elements.

· In writing, follow all relevant writing guidelines for words, sentences, and messages.

45. What is meant by response time?

· System responsiveness should match the speed and flow of human thought process.

o If continuity of thinking is required and information must be remembered throughout several responses, response time should be less than one or two seconds.

· Constant delays are preferable to variable delays.

46. What is known as ear cons?

Sound, sometimes called earcons, is useful for altering the users:

· To minor and obvious mistakes.

· When something unexpected happens.

· Where visual attention is directed away from the screen and immediate attention is required.

· When a long process is finished.

47. Explain the purpose of Hints?

A hint or Tip is a command button placed on a screen and labeled as such.

To provide a few important contextual, but specific, items of information related to a display screen. It is supplement to the standard Help facility, but more easily accessible and relevant to the current situation. The objective is to quickly get the user back on track when disorientation or confusion occurs.

48. What is known as Accessibility?

Systems should be designed to be usable, without modification, by as many people as possible.

49. What is known as Cognitive Disabilities?

Permit modification and simplification of the interface

Limit the use of time-based interfaces

· Do not briefly display critical feedback or messages and then automatically remove them

· Provide an option to permit the user to adjust the length of the time-out

50. What is known as icons?

Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. By moving the pointer to the icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command or convert the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display screen as if they were real objects on your desk.

Icon—Something that looks like what it means.

51. What is the purpose of task oriented help?

Task oriented help, sometimes called procedural help. Purpose:

Task oriented Help details the procedural steps for carrying out of task. People prefer task

orientation Help to product-orientation Help, and research evidence shows a productivity gain using it. It is not surprising that task – orientation Help has such a preference and benefits, because people think in items of tasks, not functions. This form of Help focuses on how to do something, rather than the what or why. Its purpose is not to document everything there is to know about a subject.

52. What is the purpose of wizards?

Purpose of Wizards is:

· To perform a complex series of steps.

· To perform a task that requires making several critical decisions.

· To enter critical data and for use when the cost of errors is high.

· To perform an infrequent accomplished task.

· The necessary knowledge or experience to perform a task is lacking.

· Not suited to teaching how to do something.

53. List the guidelines of accessibility design?

· Consider accessibility issues during system planning, design, and testing.

· Provide compatibility with installed accessibility utilities.

· Provide a customizable interface.

· Follow standard windows conventions.

· Use standard windows control.

54. What are the advantages and disadvantages of image maps?

Advantages:

· Can be arrayed in a meaningful and obvious structure.

· Faster to load than separate images.

Disadvantages:

· Consume a significant amount of screen space.

· “Hot spots” not always obvious.

· One’s location within image map is not always obvious.

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UNIT-V LAYOUT TESTING PART-A (2-MARKS)

55. What is the purpose of Usability test?

· Establish communication bridge between developers and users.

· Evaluate a product.

56. What are the importance of usability test?

· Developers and users possess different models

· Developer’s intuitions are not always correct

· There is no average user

· It’s impossible to predict usability from appearance

· Design standards and guidelines are not sufficient

· Informal feedback is inadequate

· Products’ built-in pieces almost always have system-level inconsistencies

· Problems found late more difficult and expensive to fix

· Problems fixed during development mean reduced support costs later

· Advantages over a competitive product can be achieved

57. What is meant by prototypes?

A prototype is primary a vehicle for exploration, communication, and evaluation. Its purpose is to obtain user input in design, and to provide feedback to designers. Its major functions are communicative role it plays, not accuracy or thoroughness. A prototype enables a design to be better visualized and provides insights into how software will look and work. It also aids in defining tasks, their flow, the interface itself, and its screens.

58. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hand sketches?

· Advantages

· Can be used very early in the development process

· Suited for use by entire design team

· No large investment of time and cost

· No programming skill needed

· Easily portable

· Fast to modify and iterate

· A rough approximation often yields more substantive critical comments

· Easier to comprehend than functional specifications

· Can be used to define requirements

· Disadvantages

· Only a rough approximation

· Limited in providing an understanding of navigation and flow

· A demonstration, not an exercise

· Driven by a facilitator, not the user

· Limited usefulness for a usability test

· A poor detailed specification for writing the code

· Usually restricted to most common tasks

59. Write a note sketch creation process?

· Sketch (storyboard) the screens while determining:

§ The source of the screen’s information

§ The content and structure of individual screens

§ The overall order of screens and windows

· Use an erasable medium

· Sketch the screens needed to complete each task

· Try selected metaphors and change as necessary

· Storyboard common/critical/frequent scenarios first

· Follow from beginning to end

· Then, go back and build in exceptions

· Don’t get too detailed; exact control positioning is not important, just overall

order and flow

· Sketch storyboard as a team, including at least one user

· Develop online prototypes only when everyone agrees that a complete set has been satisfactorily sketched

60. What are the heuristic evaluation process?

· Preparing the sessions

Select evaluators

Prepare or assemble.(Project Overview)

Providing briefing to evaluate to review, preview etc.,

· Conducting sessions

Have each evaluator review the system alone.

The evaluator should establish own process or method of reviewing the system. Provide usage scenarios.

Detected problems should be related to the specific heuristics they violate. Comments ate recorded either by the evaluator or by the observer.

The observer may answer questions and provide hints. Restrict the length of the sessions to no more than 2 hrs.

· After the sessions

Hold a debriefing session including observers and design team members where each evaluator presents problem detected and the heuristic it violated.

After the debriefing session:

Generated a composite list of violation as a ratings form.

61. What is known as Think-Aloud Evaluations?

· Users perform specific tasks while thinking aloud

· Comments are recorded and analyzed

62. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cognitive walkthroughs?

Advantages:

· Allow a clear evaluation of the task flow early in the design process

· Do not require a functioning prototype

· Low cost

· Can be used to evaluate alternate solutions

· Can be performed by developers

· More structured than a heuristic evaluation

· Useful for assessing “exploratory learning”

Disadvantages:

· Tedious to perform

· May miss inconsistencies and general and recurring problems

63. Write a note on Focus Group?

In a Focus Group , a small group knowledgeable users and a moderator are brought together to discuss an interface design prototype or proposed sign tasks. The discussion is loosely structured but must be focused on a specific topic or topics.

64. How to evaluate the working system?

Collect information on actual system usage through:

· Interview and focus group discussions.

· Surveys.

· Support time.

· Online suggestion box or trouble reporting.

· Online bulletin board.

· User newsletters and conferences.

· User performance data logging.

Respond to users who provide feedback.

CS1016 - SOFTWARE TESTING Questions Bank 2014

Anna University, Chennai

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE PERAMBALUR – 621212

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CS1016 - SOFTWARE TESTING

PART –B (16 MARKS)

UNIT- I TESTING BASICS

1. Explain The Role of process in Software quality. (16)

2. Explain Testing as a Process. (16)

3. Overview of the Testing Maturity Model (TMM) & the test related activities that

Should be done for V-model architecture. (16)

4. Explain Software Testing Principles. (16)

5. Explain Origins of defects. (16)

6. Explain Defect Classes, Defect Repository, and Test Design. (16)

7. Explain Defect Examples: The Coin Problem. (16)

8. Explain the tester’s role in a Software Development Organization. (16)

9. Explain Developer / Tester support for developing a defect repository. (16)

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PART –B (16 MARKS)

UNIT- II TESTCASE DESIGN

1. Explain in detail about the Smart Tester. (16)

2. Explain in Test case design strategies. (16)

3. Explain the Types of black box testing. (16)

4. Explain Other Black box test design Approaches. (16)

5. Explain Black Box Testing and COTS (Commercial Off-the-shelf) components.(16)

6. Explain Types of white box testing. (16)

7. Explain Additional white box test design approaches. (16)

8. Evaluating Test adequacy Criteria. (16)

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PART –B (16 MARKS)

UNIT- III LEVELS OF TESTING

1. Explain the Need for levels testing. (16)

2. Explain Levels of testing and software development paradigm. (16)

3. Explain Unit Test. (16)

4. Explain Unit Test Planning. (16)

5. Explain the class as testable unit. (16)

6. Explain in detail about the Test harness. (16)

7. Explain Integration Test. (16)

8. Explain System test: Different Types. (16)

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PART –B (16 MARKS)

UNIT- IV

TEST MANAGEMENT

1. Explain Testing and Debugging goals and Policy. (16)

2. Explain Test planning. (16)

3. Explain Test Plan Components. (16)

4. Explain Test Plan Attachments. (16)

5. Explain Reporting Test Results. (16)

6. Explain the role of the 3 critical groups. (16)

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PART –B (16 MARKS)

UNIT- V CONTROLLING AND MONITORING

1. Explain Measurements and milestones for monitoring and controlling. (16)

2. Explain Criteria for test completion. (16)

3. Explain Software configuration management. (16)

4. Explain in detail about the Types of reviews. (16)

5. Explain in Components of review plans. (16)

CS1016 - SOFTWARE TESTING Two Marks Questions With Answers 2014

Anna University, Chennai

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE PERAMBALUR – 621212

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CS1016 - SOFTWARE TESTING

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

PART-A

UNIT: 1 (TESTING BASICS)

1) Define Software Engineering.

Software Engineering is a discipline that produces error free software with in a

time and budget.

2) Define software Testing.

Testing can be described as a process used for revealing defects in software, and

for establishing that the software has attained a specified degree of quality with respect to selected attributes.

3) List the elements of the engineering disciplines.

· Basic principles

· Processes

· Standards

· Measurements

· Tools

· Methods

· Best practices

· Code of ethics

· Body of knowledge

4) Differentiate between verification and validation?(U.Q Nov/Dec 2009) Verification Validation

1. Verification: is the process of evaluating software system or component

to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.

2. Verification is usually associated with activities such as inspections and reviews of the s/w deliverables.

2.validation: is the process of evaluating software system or component

to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the end of that phase.

5) Define the term Testing.

Testing is generally described as a group of procedures carried out to evaluate

some aspect of a piece of software.

Testing can be described as a process used for revealing defects in software, and

for establishing that the software has attained a specified degree of quality with respect to selected attributes.

6) Differentiate between testing and debugging. (U.Q Nov/Dec 2008) Testing Debugging

1. Testing as a dual purpose process

· Reveal defects

· And to evaluate quality attributes

1. Debugging or fault localization is the process of

· Locating the fault or defect

· Repairing the code, and

· Retesting the code.

·

7) Define process in the context of software quality. ( U.Q Nov/Dec 2009) Process, in the software engineering domain, is a set of methods, practices, Standards, documents, activities, polices, and procedures that software engineers use to develop and maintain a software system and its associated artifacts, such as project and test plans, design documents, code, and manuals.

8) Define the term Debugging or fault localization. Debugging or fault localization is the process of

· Locating the fault or defect

· Repairing the code, and

· Retesting the code.

9) List the levels of TMM.

The testing maturity model or TMM contains five levels. They are

Level1: Initial

Level2: Phase definition

Level3: Integration

Level4: Management and Measurement

Leval5: Optimization /Defect prevention and Quality Control

10) List the members of the critical groups in a testing process (U.Q Nov/Dec 2008)

· Manager

· Developer/Tester

· User/Clien

·

11) Define Error.

An error is mistake or misconception or misunderstanding on the part of a software

developer.

12) Define Faults (Defects).

A fault is introduced into the software as the result of an error. It is an anomaly

in the software that may cause nit to behave incorrectly, and not according to its specification.

13) Define failures.

A failure is the inability of a software or component to perform its required functions within

specified performance requirements.

14) Distinguish between fault and failure. (U.Q May/June 2009) Fault Failure

1. A fault is introduced into the software as the result of an error. It

is an anomaly in the software that may cause nit to behave incorrectly, and not according to its specification.

2. A failure is the inability of a software or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements.

15) Define Test Cases.

A test case in a practical sense is attest related item which contains the following

information.

· A set of test inputs. These are data items received from an external source by the code under test. The external source can be hardware, software, or human.

· Execution conditions. These are conditions required for running the test, for example, a certain state of a database, or a configuration of a hardware device.

· Expected outputs. These are the specified results to be produced by the code under test.

16)Write short notes on Test, Test Set, and Test Suite.

A Test is a group of related test cases, or a group of related test cases and test

procedure.

A group of related test is sometimes referred to as a test set.

A group of related tests that are associated with a database, and are usually run together,is sometimes referred to as a Test Suite.

17) Define Test Oracle.

Test Oracle is a document, or a piece of software that allows tester to determine whether a test

has been passed or failed.

18) Define Test Bed.

A test bed is an environment that contains all the hardware and software needed to test a

software component or a software system.

19) Define Software Quality.

Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component, or process meets specified requirements. Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component, or process meets Customer or user needs, or expectations.

20) List the Quality Attributes.

· Correctness

· Reliability

· Usability

· Integrity

· Portability

· Maintainability

· Interoperability

21) Define SQA group.

The software quality assurance (SQA) group is a team of people with the necessary

training and skills to ensure that all necessary actions are taken during the development process so that the resulting software confirms to established technical requirements.

22) Explain the work of SQA group.

Testers to develop quality related policies and quality assurance plans for each project.

The group is also involved in measurement collection and analysis, record keeping, and Reporting. The SQA team members participate in reviews and audits, record and track Problems, and verify that corrections have been made.

23) Define reviews.

A review is a group meeting whose purpose is to evaluate a software artifact or a set of Software

artifacts. Review and audit is usually conducted by a SQA group.

20) List the sources of Defects or Origins of defects. Or list the classification of defect (U.Q May/June 2009)

· Education

· Communication

· Oversight

· Transcription

· Process

·

25) Programmer A and Programmer B are working on a group of interfacing modules.Programmer A tends to be a poor communicator and does not get along well with Programmer B. Due to this situation, what types of defects are likely to surface in these interfacing modules?

Communication defects.

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UNIT: 2 (TEST CASE DESIGN)

1. Define Smart Tester.

Software must be tested before it is delivered to users. It is responsibility of the testers to Design

tests that (i) reveal defects (ii) can be used to evaluate software performance, usability and reliability. To achieve these goals, tester must select a finite no. of test cases (i/p, o/p, & conditions).

2. Compare black box and white box testing.

3. Draw the tester’s view of black box and white box testing.

Test Strategy Tester’s View Inputs Black box (No Knowledge about inner structure, Focus only input and output)Outputs Black box testing White box Testing Black box testing , the tester is noKnowledge of its inner structure(i.e. how

it woks)The tester only has knowledge of what it does(Focus only input & output) The White box approach focuses on the inner structure of the software to be tested.Black box approach is usually applied large size piece of software.

White box approach is usually applied small size piece of software. Black box testing sometimes called functional or specification testing.

White box sometimes called clear or glass box testing.White box (focuses on the inner structure of the software)

4. Write short notes on Random testing and Equivalence class portioning.

Each software module or system has an input domain from which test input data is

selected. If a tester randomly selects inputs from the domain, this is called random testing.In equivalence class partitioning the input and output is divided in to equal classes or partitions.

5. List the Knowledge Sources & Methods of black box and white box testing.

7. Define State.

A state is an internal configuration of a system or component. It is defined in terms of the values

assumed at a particular time for the variables that characterize the system or component.

8. Define Finite-State machine.

A finite-state machine is an abstract machine that can be represented by a state graph having a

finite number of states and a finite number of transitions between states.

9. Define Error Guessing.

The tester/developer is sometimes able to make an educated “guess’ as to which type of defects

may be present and design test cases to reveal them. Error Guessing is an ad-hoc approach to test design in most cases.

10. Define COTS Components.

Test Strategy Knowledge Sources Methods

Black box

1. Requirements document

2. Specifications

3. Domain Knowledge

4. Defect analysis data

1. Equivalence class partitioning (ECP)

2. Boundary value analysis (BVA)

3. State Transition testing.(STT)

4. Cause and Effect Graphing.

5. Error guessing

White box

1. High level design

2. Detailed design

3. Control flow graphs

4. Cyclomatic complexity

1. Statement testing

2. Branch testing

3. Path testing

4. Data flow testing

5. Mutation testing

6. Loop testing

The reusable component may come from a code reuse library within their org or, as is most likely, from an outside vendor who specializes in the development of specific types of software components. Components produced by vendor org are known as commercial off-the shelf, or COTS, components.

11. Define usage profiles and Certification.

Usage profiles are characterizations of the population of intended uses of the software in its

intended environment. Certification refers to third party assurance that a product,process, or service meets a specific set of requirements.

12. Write the application scope of adequacy criteria?

Helping testers to select properties of a program to focus on during test.

Helping testers to select a test data set for a program based on the selected properties.

Supporting testers with the development of quantitative objectives for testing

Indicating to testers whether or not testing can be stopped for that program.

13. What are the factors affecting less than 100% degree of coverage?

The nature of the unit

Some statements/branches may not be reachable.

The unit may be simple, and not mission, or safety, critical, and so complete

coverage is thought to be unnecessary.

The lack of resources

The time set aside for testing is not adequate to achieve complete coverage for all of the units.

There is a lack of tools to support complete coverage

Other project related issues such as timing, scheduling. And marketing

constraints.

14. What are the basic primes for all structured program.

Sequential ( e.g., Assignment statements)

Condition (e.g., if/then/else statements)

Iteration (e.g., while, for loops)

The graphical representation of these three primes are given

Sequence Condition Iteration False ,True, False True.

15. Define path.

A path is a sequence of control flow nodes usually beginning from the entry node of a

graph through to the exit node.

16. Write the formula for cyclomatic complexity?

The complexity value is usually calculated from control flow graph(G) by the formula. V(G) = E-N+2

Where The value E is the number of edges in the control flow graph

The value N is the number of nodes.

17. List the various iterations of Loop testing.

Zero iteration of the loop

One iteration of the loop

Two iterations of the loop

K iterations of the loop where k<n

n-1 iterations of the loop

n+1 iterations of the loop

18. Define test set.

A test set T is said to be mutation adequate for program p provided that for every in equivalent

mutant pi of p there is an element t in T such that pi[t] is not equal to p[t].

19. What are the errors uncovered by black box testing?

Incorrect or missing functions

Interface errors

Errors in data structures

Performance errors

Initialization or termination error

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UNIT: 3 (LEVELS OF TESTING)

1. List the levels of Testing or Phases of testing.

Unit Test

Integration Test

System Test

Acceptance Test

2. Define Unit Test and characterized the unit test.

At a unit test a single component is tested. A unit is the smallest possible testable

software component.

It can be characterized in several ways

A unit in a typical procedure oriented software systems.

It performs a single cohensive function.

It can be compiled separately.

It contains code that can fit on a single page or a screen.

3. List the phases of unit test planning.

Unit test planning having set of development phases.

Phase1: Describe unit test approach and risks. Phase 2: Identify unit features to be tested. Phase 3: Add levels of detail to the plan.

4. List the work of test planner.

Identifies test risks.

Describes techniques to be used for designing the test cases for the units.

Describe techniques to be used for data validation and recording of test results.

Describe the requirement for test harness and other software that interfaces with the unit to be tested, for ex, any special objects needed for testing object oriented.

5. Define integration Test.

At the integration level several components are tested as a group and the tester

investigates component interactions.

6. Define System test.

When integration test are completed a software system has been assembled and its

major subsystems have been tested. At this point the developers /testers begin to test it as a whole. System test planning should begin at the requirements phase.

7. Define Alpha and Beta Test.

Alpha test developer’s to use the software and note the problems.

Beta test who use it under real world conditions and report the defect to the

Developing organization.

8. What are the approaches are used to develop the software?

There are two major approaches to software development

Bottom-Up

Top_Down

These approaches are supported by two major types of programming languages. They are

procedure_oriented

Object_oriented

9. List the issues of class testing. Issue1: Adequately Testing classes

Issue2: Observation of object states and state changes. Issue3: The retesting of classes-I

Issue4: The retesting of classes-II

10. Define test Harness.

The auxiliary code developed into support testing of units and components is

called a test harness. The harness consists of drivers that call the target code and stubs that represent modules it calls.

11. Define Test incident report.

The tester must determine from the test whether the unit has passed or failed the

test. If the test is failed, the nature of the problem should be recorded in what is

sometimes called a test incident report.

12. Define Summary report.

The causes of the failure should be recorded in the test summary report, which is

the summary of testing activities for all the units covered by the unit test plan.

13. Goals of Integration test.

To detects defects that occur on the interface of the units.

To assemble the individual units into working subsystems and finally a completed system that ready for system test.

14. What are the Integration strategies?

Top_ Down: In this strategy integration of the module begins with testing the

upper level modules.

Bottom_ Up: In this strategy integration of the module begins with testing the lowest level modules.

15. What is Cluster?

A cluster consists of classes that are related and they may work together to

support a required functionality for the complete system.

16. List the different types of system testing.

Functional testing

Performance testing

Stress testing

Configuration testing

Security testing

Recovery testing

The other types of system Testing are,

Reliability & Usability testing.

17. Define load generator and Load.

An important tool for implementing system tests is a load generator. A load

generator is essential for testing quality requirements such as performance and stress A load is a series of inputs that simulates a group of transactions. A transaction is a unit of work seen from the system user’s view. A transaction consist of a set of operation that may be perform by a person , s/w system or device that is outside the system.

18. Define functional Testing.

Functional tests at the system level are used ensure that the behavior of the system

adheres to the requirement specifications.

19. What are the two major requirements in the Performance testing.

Functional Requirement: User describe what functions the software should

perform. We test for compliance of the requirement at the system level with the functional based system test.

Quality Requirement: They are nonfunctional in nature but describe quality

levels expected for the software.

20. Define stress Testing.

When a system is tested with a load that causes it to allocate its resources in

maximum amounts .It is important because it can reveal defects in real-time and other types of systems.

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UNIT 4(TEST MANAGEMENT)

1) Write the different types of goals?

i. Business goal: To increase market share 10% in the next 2 years in the area of

financial software

ii. Technical Goal: To reduce defects by 2% per year over the next 3 years.

iii. Business/technical Goal: To reduce hotline calls by 5% over the next 2 years iv. Political Goal: To increase the number of women and minorities in high

management positions by 15% in the next 3 years.

2) Define Goal and Policy

A goal can be described as (i) a statement of intent or (ii) a statement of a

accomplishment that an individual or an org wants to achieve.

A Policy can be defined as a high-level statement of principle or course of action that is used to govern a set of activities in an org.

Define Plan.

A plan is a document that provides a framework or approach for achieving a set of

goals.

3) Define Milestones.

Milestones are tangible events that are expected to occur at a certain time in the

Project’s lifetime. Managers use them to determine project status.

4) List the Test plan components.

Test plan identifier

Introduction

Items to be tested

Features to be tested

Approach

Pass/fail criteria

Suspension and resumption criteria

Test deliverables

Testing Tasks

Test environment

Responsibilities

Staffing and training needs

Scheduling

Risks and contingencies

Testing costs

Approvals.

5) Draw a hierarchy of test plans.

6) Define a Work Breakdown Structure.(WBS)

A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical or treelike representation

of all the tasks that are required to complete a project.

7) Write the approaches to test cost Estimation?

The COCOMO model and heuristics

Use of test cost drivers

Test tasks

Tester/developer ratios

Expert judgment

8) Write short notes on Cost driver.

A Cost driver can be described as a process or product factor that has an impact

on overall project costs. Cost drivers for project the include

Product attributes such as the required level of reliability Software quality assurance (V&V)

plan Master test plan Review plan: Inspections and walkthroughs

Unit test plan Integration test plan System test plan Acceptance test plan

Hardware attributes such as memory constraints.

Personnel attributes such as experience level.

Project attributes such as tools and methods.

9) Write the WBS elements for testing.

1. Project startup

2. Management coordination

3. Tool selection

4. Test planning

5. Test design

6. Test development

7. Test execution

8. Test measurement, and monitoring

9. Test analysis and reporting

10. Test process improvement

10)What is the function of Test Item Transmittal Report or Locating Test

Items

Suppose a tester is ready to run tests on the data described in the test plan. We

needs to be able to locate the item and have knowledge of its current status. This is

the function of the Test Item Transmittal Report. Each Test Item Transmittal Report has a unique identifier.

11)What is the information present in the Test Item Transmittal Report or Locating Test

Items

1) Version/revision number of the item

2) Location of the item

3) Person responsible for the item (the developer)

4) References tyo item documentation and test plan it is related to.

5) Status of the item

6) Approvals – space for signatures of staff who approve the transmittal.

12) Define Test incident Report

The tester should record in attest incident report (sometimes called a problem

report) any event that occurs during the execyution of the tests that is unexpected , unexplainable, and that requires a follow- up investigation.

13) Define Test Log.

The Test log should be prepared by the person executing the tests. It is a diary of

the events that take place during the test. It supports the concept of a test as a repeatable experiment.

14)What are the Three critical groups in testing planning and test plan policy ?

Managers:

Task forces, policies, standards, planning Resource allocation,

support for education and training, Interact with users/Clients

Developers/Testers

Apply Black box and White box methods, test at all levels, Assst

with test planning, Participate in task forces.

Users/Clients

Specify requirement clearly, Support with operational profile,

Participate in acceptance test planning

15) Define Procedure.

A procedure in general is a sequence of steps required to carry out a specific task.

16)What are the skills needed by a test specialist?

Personal and managerial Skills

Organizational, and planning skills, work with others, resolve

conflicts, mentor and train others, written /oral communication skills, think creatively.

Technical Skills

General software engineering principles and practices, understanding of testing principles and practices, ability to plan, design, and execute test cases, knowledge of networks, database, and operating System.

17)Write the test term hierarchy?

Test Manager

Test leader

Test Engineer

Junior Test Engineer.

18.Define Breaking the System.

The goal of stress test is to try to break the system; Find the circumstances under

which it will crash. This is sometimes called “breaking the system”.

19. What are the steps for top down integration?

Main control module is used as a test driver and stubs are substituted for all

components directly subordinate to the main module.

Depending on integration approach (Depth or breadth first) subordinate stubs are replaced one at a time with actual components.

Tests are conducted as each component is integrated.

The completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with real

component

Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been

introduced.

20. What is meant by regression testing?

Regression testing is used to check for defects propagated to other modules by

changes made to existing program. Thus, regression testing is used to reduce the side effects of the changes.

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UNIT: 5 ( CONTROLLING AND MONITORING )

1. Define Project monitoring or tracking.

Project monitoring refers to the activities and tasks managers engage into periodically check the

status of each project .Reports are prepared that compare the actual work done to the work that was planned.

2. Define Project Controlling.

It consists of developing and applying a set of corrective actions to get a project on

track when monitoring shows a deviation from what was planned .

3. Define Milestone.

MileStones are tangible events that are expected to occur at a certain time in the projects life time .Mnagers use them to determine project status.

4. Define SCM (Software Configuration management).

Software Configuration Management is a set of activities carried out for identifying, organizing

and controlling changes throughout the lifecycle of computer software.

5. Define Base line.

Base lines are formally reviewed and agreed upon versions of software artifacts,

from which all changes are measured. They serve as the basis for futher development and can be changed only through formal change procedures.

6. Differentiate version control and change control.

Version Control combines procedures and tools to manage different versions of

configuration objects that are created during software process.

Change control is a set of procedures to evaluate the need of change and apply the changes requested by the user in a controlled manner.

7. What is Testing?

Testing is generally described as a group of procedures carried out to evaluate

some aspect of a piece of software.It used for revealing defect in software and to evaluate degree of quality.

8. Define Review.

Review is a group meeting whose purpose is to evaluate a software artifact or a

set of software artifacts.

9. What are the goals of Reviewers?

Identify problem components or components in the software artifact that need

improvement.

Identify components of the software artifact that donot need improvement.

Identify specific errors or defects in the software artifact.

Ensure that the artifact confirms to organizational standards.

10. What are the benefits of a Review program?

Higher quality software

Increased productivity

Increased awareness of quality issues

Reduced maintenance costs

Higher customer satisfaction

11. What are the Various types of Reviews?

Inspections

WalkThroughs

12. What is Inspections?

It is a type of review that is formal in nature and requires prereview preparation on

the part of the review team.the Inspection leader prepares is the checklist of items that serves as the agenda for the review.

13. What is WalkThroughs?

It is a type of technical review where the producer of the reviewed material serves as the review

leader and actually guides the progression of the review .It have traditionally been applied to design and code.

14. List out the members present in the Review Team.

SQA(Software Quality Assurance) staff

Testers

Developers

Users /Clients.

Specialists.

15. List the components of review plans.

Review Goals

Items being reviewed

Preconditions for the review.

Roles, Team size, participants.

Training requirements.

Review steps.

Time requirements

16.What is test automation?

A software is developed to test the software. This is termed as test automation.

17.What are the two types of testcases?

1.Manual

2.Automated

18. What are the disadvantages of first generation automation?

1.Scripts holds hardcoded values.

2.Test maintenance cost is maximized.

19. What are the types of reports?

1.Customized reports.

2.Technical Report

3.Debug reports.

IT1452-FUNDAMENTALS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTNG Questions Bank 2014

Anna University, Chennai

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERAMBALUR – 621212.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK

Subject Code & Name: IT1452-FUNDAMENTALS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTNG Year / Sem : IV / VIII

Prepared By : A.Ramachandran / AP

UNIT - I PERVASIVE ARCHITECTURE PART -A

1. What is pervasive computing era?

2. What is the aim of ubiquitous computing?

3. What is the principle of pervasive computing?

4. What are the other terms of pervasive computing?

5. What is ubicomp?

6. What is sentient computing?

7. Define context adaptive system.

8. What are the applications of wearable computers?

9. What are the features of wearable computers?

10. Define aware systems

11. What is AML?

12. What are the key challenges of urban computing?

13. What are the most important characteristics of pervasive environments?

14. What are the features of distributed computing?

15. What are the Design and implementation problems in pervasive comp?

16. List the aspects of pervasive environments

17. What is biometrics?

18. Why biometrics needed?

19. Write down the Problems with biometrics.

PART B

1. Explain Ambient computing in detail.

2. Explain the requirements of computational infrastructures

3. Elaborate WLAN Technologies.

4. Discuss about Pervasive Vs Ubiquitous Computing.

5. Write short notes on the following i)Requirements of Computational infrastructure ii)Failure management

iii)Security iv)Performance v)Dependability

6. Discuss in detail about Pervasive web application architecture

7. Explain in detail about the relationship between pervasive and mobile computing

8. List and explain the applications of pervasive computing

9. What are the most important characteristics of pervasive environments?

10. What are the features of distributed computing?

11. What are the Design and implementation problems in pervasive comp?

UNIT-II MOBILE DEVICE TECHNOLOGIES PART-A

1. What are the characteristics of mobile computing devices?

2. What are the features of mobile computing?

3. List the advantages of push mode.

4. What is the framework for Data Dissemination and Management?

5. What are the 2 categories of context?

6. List the 5w of context

7. What is mobile agent?

8. Define the following

9. Write down the advantages of the Mobile Agent Paradigm

10. List the Technical Advantage of Mobile agents

11. List the applications of mobile agents.

12. List the features of software operating system

13. What is the EPOC operating system consists of the following features:

14. What are the three different types of browsers available for mobile devices?

PART B

1. Draw the architecture of Windows CE and explain it.

2. Explain the following

i) Symbian system ii) Packet PC iii)BREW

3. Chat about in detail about Mobile agent systems.

4. Differentiate UI design for mobile device and conventional system.

5. Explain in detail Context awareness system.

6. Explain Mobile computing device characteristic.

7. Explain the data dissemination and management.

8. Explain the features of software operating system.

9. What is the EPOC operating system consists of the following features.

10. What are the three types of browsers available for mobile devices?

11. List and explain Technical Advantage of Mobile agents.

12. List and explain applications of mobile agents.

13. Explain the adaptation features used by the mobile computing devices.

UNIT III SENSOR NETWORKS AND RFID’S PART-A

1. What is ACTIVE RFID?

2. What is PASSIVE RFID?

3. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of passive RFID

4. When RFID tag collision occurs?

5. What is sensor?

6. What are Sensor Networks?

7. What are the Elements of sensor networks?

8. Define: Wireless Sensor Networks

9. List the properties of sensor networks.

10. Draw the protocol stack of sensor network

11. Why we need wireless communication channel?

12. What is advantages and disadvantages of (laser)

13. What is infrared communication?

14. Describe about RF

15. What are the two main classes (based on applications). Of sensor networks

16. What are Data gathering sensor networks?

17. Define: Event detection sensor networks.

PART -B

1. Give explanation Sensor node architecture and Sensor network architecture.

2. RFID Architecture diagram + explanation

3. List the advantages and disadvantages of Active RFID tags

4. Classify the Sensor network types and explain in detail.

5. Explain RFID architecture.

6. List out the RFID Application and give details about the application.

7. List out the WSN Application and give details about the application.

8. Explain the applications of wireless sensor networks.

UNIT -IV LOCAL AREA AND WIDE AREA WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES PART-A

1. Explain the IEEE 802.11- Features

2. What are the components used in IEEE 802.11- System?

3. List the 2 basic architecture in IEEE 802.11- System.

4. Draw the WPAN –Beacon Mode and Super frame Structure.

5. Write down the 3 ways followed in WPAN –IEEE 802.15.4-Data Transmission.

6. What are the two different types of devices are defined in an 802.15.4 network.

7. Why we go for Mesh topology?

8. What are the requirements needed for mobile IP?

9. What is cellular telephony?

10. List the specifications included in Bluetooth

11. What is the use of OBEX object model?

12. What are the OBEX OPERATIONS?

13. What is RFCOMM?

14. Write down the application classes of the Bluetooth synchronization classes:

15. What is object push?

16. Why not routing protocols used in Manet?

PART B

1. Explicate IEEE 802.11 Technologies

2. Explain Infrared Technologies.

3. How Bluetooth technology works?

4. Explain OBEX And Bluetooth Architecture

5. Give details about Personal area network.

6. Elaborate the concept of Mobile IP.

7. Elaborate Cellular System.

8. Explain Call Establishment and maintenance.

9. a) Short notes on Mobility management b) Give short note on Mobile IP

10. Explain the concept and structure of cell.

11. Explain the IEEE 802.11 system architecture

12. Explain the concept of frequency assignment techniques in cell system.

13. Discuss medium access control and MAC layer issues of Bluetooth in details.

14. What is importance of cell structure in establishing wide area wireless network?

UNIT V PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS PART-A

1. Classify the routing protocols in sensor networks.

2. What are hierarchical routing protocols?

3. What are the flat Routing Protocols

4. List the Location Based Routing Protocols

5. What are the Characteristics of http1.0?

6. Define the term Flooding.

7. Define the term Gossiping.

8. List out the Pros and Cons of Flooding and Gossiping

9. Explain briefly about LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy).

10. What are the Phases of LEACH?

11. What is WAE?

PART B

1. Draw the architecture of WAP. Explain in detail.

2. Discuss about Routing protocol for Sensor Networks.

3. Explain the Retail and Health care application of Pervasive computing.

4. Explain the Sales force automation and Tracking application of Pervasive computing.

5. Thrash out Multimedia message protocol.

6. Explain Networking and Packet switched protocol.

7. Discuss why routing protocols for fixed network cannot used for wireless Sensor network and explain any two flat routing protocols used for sensor Networks.

8. Explain the applications of pervasive computing in details.

9. a) Short notes on hierarchical routing protocols

b) Short notes on Location Based Routing Protocols

IT1452-FUNDAMENTALS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTNG Two Marks Questions With Answers 2014

Anna University, Chennai

 

SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERAMBALUR – 621212.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK

Subject Code & Name: IT1452-FUNDAMENTALS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTNG Year / Sem : IV / VIII

Prepared By : A.Ramachandran / AP

UNIT – I PERVASIVE ARCHITECTURE

1. What in LAN?

A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.

2. What is Wireless LAN?

A wireless LAN (or WLAN, for wireless local area network, sometimes referred to as LAWN, for local area wireless network) is one in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection. The IEEE 802.11 group of standards specify the technologies for wireless LANs. 802.11 standards use the Ethernet protocol and CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) for path sharing and include an encryption method, the Wired Equivalent Privacy algorithm.

3. What are Advantages of wireless LAN?

Flexibility,

Planning, Design, Robustness, Quality Service, Cost,

Proprietary Solution, Restriction,

Safety and Security

4. What is the aim of ubiquitous computing?

Ubiquitous means Present Everywhere. Bringing mobile, wireless and sensor networking technologies together towards a new computing paradigm. Everywhere, anywhere, always on, anytime is the aim.

5. What is Ambient computing?

The concept of ambient intelligence or AmI is a vision where humans are surrounded by computing and networking technology unobtrusively embedded in their surroundings.

6. What is the principle of pervasive computing?

Pervasive computing integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects.

7. What is Urban Computing?

Urban computing: the integration of computing, sensing, and actuation technologies into our everyday urban settings and lifestyles. Successful integration r requires taking several facets of the urban environment into account at once.

8. What are the characteristics of pervasive environment?

Heterogeneity

Prevalence of "Small" Devices

Limited Network Capabilities

High Mobility

User-Oriented

Highly Dynamic Environment

9. Define Biometrics.

Biometrics is the science of verifying and establishing the identity of an individual through physiological features or behavioral traits.

10. List down some of the advantages of Biometrics

Uniqueness

No need to remember passwords or carry tokens Biometrics cannot be lost, stolen or forgotten More secure than a long password

Solves repudiation problem

Not susceptible to traditional dictionary attacks

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UNIT – II

MOBILE DEVICE TECHNOLOGIES

1. What are all the characteristics of mobile computing devices?

Adaptation

Data dissemination and Management

Heterogeneity Interoperability Context awareness

2. What is Adaptation?

The vision of mobile computing is to be able to roam seamlessly with your computing devices while continuing to perform computing and communication tasks uninterrupted.

3. What is pull mode?

Pull Mode (on demand): we send an explicit query every time we need particular information. Response will come back.

4. Write the advantages of push mode.

Broad casting frequently requested data items (hot data items) conserves bandwidth.

Highly scalable- same bandwidth is consumed for all the mobile devices. Eliminates Energy consumption – no need of uplink request to data server.

5. Write 5w’s.

Five W's of context can form the core of different context types used by an application

• Who (social context).

• What (functional context).

• Where (location context).

• When (temporal context).

• Why (motivating context).

6. What is a mobile agent?

It is a software program. Moves from machine to machine under its own control. Suspend execution at any point in time, transport itself to a new machine and resume execution. Once created, a mobile agent autonomously decides which locations to visit and what instructions to perform Continuous interaction with the agent’s originating source is not required.

7. What is RPC?

Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). One computer calls procedures on another. Messages are transmitted based on requests and responses. Procedure is “remote” – i.e. it is local to the machine that performs it. Client and Server agree in advance on the protocol for communication.

8. What are the benefits of JAVA?

Platform independent Secure execution Dynamic class loading

Multi-threaded programming

Object serialization

9. Define context awareness.

Context has its origin in the Latin verb contexere, meaning "to weave together."

Two Categories:

Enumeration-based - context is defined in terms of its various categorizations,

Role-based - context is defined in terms of its role in context-aware computing.

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UNIT – III

SENSOR NETWORKS AND RFID’S

1. What are sensor network?

Can be viewed as a Distributed Autonomous System for Information Gathering, Performing data-intensive tasks such as Environment (habitat) monitoring, Seismic monitoring, Terrain Surveillance, etc.

2. What is wireless sensor network?

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): An autonomous, ad hoc system consisting of a collective of networked sensor nodes designed to intercommunicate via wireless radio.

3. What are the elements of sensor networks?

Sink: sends queries and collects data from

Sensor: monitors phenomenon and reports to

4. What are the networking characteristics?

Sensor Network is an embedded system having the following properties

Self-Configuration: Formation of networks without any human intervention

Self-Healing: Automatic deletion/addition of nodes without resetting the entire network

Dynamic Routing: Adapting Routing schemes on the fly based on the network conditions like Link quality, hop count, gradient, etc.

Multi-Hop Communication: Improving the scalability of the network by sending messages peer-to-peer to a base station

5. Write the classification of Sensor Networks based on their Applications.

Two main classes:

Data gathering sensor networks:

e.g. environment monitoring, temperature monitoring and control. Event detection sensor networks:

e.g. forest fire detection.

6. What is Active RFID?

ACTIVE RFID is powered by batteries allows very low-level signals to be received by the tag. Tag can generate high-level signals back to the reader.

7. Write the advantages of Active RFID.

Read at distances of one hundred feet or more, greatly improving the utility of the device.

It may have other sensors that can use electricity for power.

8. What are all the disadvantages of Passive RFID?

Can be read only at very short distances

It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power

9. What is RFID Tag Collision?

Tag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area; but since the read time is very fast, it is easier for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time.

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UNIT – IV

LOCAL AREA AND WIDE AREA WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

1. What are all the features of IEEE802.11?

Support of Power Management

Handling Hidden nodes

Ability to operate world wide

2.4 GHz ISM band is used

Data rates- 1 Mbit/s –mandatory , 2 Mbit/s – optional

2. What are Bluetooth?

Standard for wireless communications (WLAN) based on a radio system designed for short-range cheap communications devices suitable to substitute for cables for printers, faxes, joysticks, mice, keyboards, and so on.

3. What is WPAN?

The physical layer (PHY) and medium access control sub layer (MAC) specifications for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs), which support simple devices that consume minimal power and typically operate in the Personal Operating Space (POS) of 10 meters or less.

4. What are all the ways of data transfer in WPAN?

Data transfer can happen in three different ways: From a device to a coordinator

From a coordinator to a device or

From one peer to another in a peer-to-peer multi-hop network.

5. What is tunnel?

It is a virtual/transparent pipe between sender (tunnel entry) and receiver (tunnel exit).

6. What is cellular telephony?

Cellular telephony is designed to provide Cellular telephony is designed to provide Communications between two moving units, called mobile stations (MSs), or between one mobile unit and one stationary unit, often called a land unit.

7. Define CDMA?

Code Division Multiple Access systems use codes with certain characteristic to separate different users. To enable access to the shared medium without interference. The users use the same frequency and time to transmit data. The main problem is to find good codes and to separate this signal from noise. The good code can be found by two characteristics 1. Orthogonal 2. Auto correlation.

8. What is polling?

Polling is a centralized scheme with one master and several slave stations. The master can collect the list of stations during the connection phase and can poll these slaves according to many schemes like round robin, random access, reservation schemes etc.

9. Define SAMA.

Spread Aloha Multiple Access is a combination of CDMA and TDMA. The CDMA better suits for connection oriented services only and not for connection less busty data traffic because it requires programming both sender and receiver to access different users with different codes.

10. What is meant by beacon?

A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used for power management and roaming.

e.g., identification of the base station subsystem (BSS)

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UNIT – V

PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS

1. What is mobile routing?

Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route the traffic through the network to the access point currently responsible for the wireless terminal. Each time a user moves to a new access point, the system must reroute traffic. This is known as mobile routing.

2. What is generic routing encapsulation?

Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) is an encapsulation scheme which supports other network protocols in addition to IP. It allows the encapsulation of packets of one protocol suite into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suite.

3. What are the requirements for the development of mobile IP standard?

The requirements are: Compatibility Transparency

Scalability and efficiency

Security

4. What is Dynamic source Routing?

Dynamic Source Routing eliminates all periodic routing updates. If a node needs to discover a route, it broadcast a route request with a unique identifier and the destination address as parameters. Any node that receivers a route request gives a list of addresses representing a possible path on its way toward the destination.

5. What is Encapsulation and Decapsulation?

Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data and putting it into the data part of a new packet. The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is called decapsulation.

6. What is WAP?

Wireless application protocol (WAP) is a common effort of many companies and organizations to set up a framework for wireless and mobile web access using many different transport systems. Eg. GSM, GPRS, UMTS.

7. Define Flooding and Gossiping.

Flooding - sensor broadcasts packets to all its neighbors till destination reached. Gossiping - sensor sends packets to a randomly selected neighbor.

8. What is WML?

An XML based markup language designed especially for small devices

• Features:

An application can transmit a multiple pages (called cards) simultaneously in a single transmission unit

Concept of events: timer can execute a new page after a certain period of time. Statefull: a variable used in one card can be shared another card.

9. What are IRTS?

IRTS technology we used was developed for application in medical facilities

No interference with laboratory equipment or wireless control or communication systems

Two primary components of the tracking system

The tags and the sensor nodes

The tag is a small, battery operated, mobile, and low power microprocessor about the same size as an adult thumb that is attached to a person’s clothing

Each tag transmits a unique identification (ID) code every four seconds using a blinking infrared (IR) light.