Anna University, Chennai
Question Bank
Sub. Code/Name: CE2204 Surveying I Year/Sem: II/III
UNIT-I Part-A (2 Marks)
1. How surveying is defined? Name the two basic principles of surveying.
Surveying is the art of making horizontal measurements certain the. Relative positions of different objects on the face of the earth. The two basic principles of surveying are
To work from the whole to the part
To locate a, new station by at least two processes.
2. Give the fundamental difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying.
Geodetic survey is also called as trigonometrically, eying deals with the long distances, larger areas and the curvature of the earth. Plane surveying is adopted for small distances and small areas and, earth’s curvature is ignored.
3. What is meant by reconnaissance survey?
Preliminary inspection of an area to be surveyed is reconnaissance or reconnoiters. A proper planning should be done during reconnaissance it such that the work will better and effectively executed.
4. Explain the observations made in an index sketch.
In an index sketch the following observations are shown: arrangement of frame work approximate position of objects boundary lines base line proposed chain lines and station positions
5. What do you understand by (i) scale (ii) drawing to scale.
As survey work involved in a large area it is not feasible, to prepare the drawings in full-size. Thus it is necessary and for convenience the drawings have to be made to a reduced scale. This operation is known as drawing to scale.
Scale of a drawing may be defined as the ratio of the ground distance to the plotted length on the drawing sheet.
6. Give conventional signs for the following:
(i) Rough pasture, (ii) Cutting (iii) Barren land and (iv) Telephone post.
7. What is the principle of chain surveying?
The principle of chain surveying is based triangulation which' is to divide the area into a network; triangles which should be well conditioned. The sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape and no angular measurements are made.
8. What is meant by well-conditioned triangle?
A well-conditioned 'triangle is qne in which no included angle is less"than 30° or greater than. 120°. An equilateral triangle is the best conditioned triangle or an ideal triangleJ
9. Distinguish between survey station and tie station.
Survey station is a selected point on the chain line and ibe located either at the beginning of the chain line or at end. Tie stations are also subsidiary stations taken on the in survey lines.
10 What are the instruments used for a chain surveying
Following are the instruments used for chain survey. (i) Instruments for linear measurement: chain, tapes
(ii) Instruments for setting out right-angles: cross-staff, optical square and prism square
(iii) Other accessories: ranging rods, offset rods, arrows, plumb bob, wooden· pegs.
11. Distinguish between Metric chain an Engineer's chains.
Metric chains are available in length of 20 m or 30 m length. The 20 m chain is divided
into 100 links (0.2 m ), the 30 m chain is divided into 150 links (of 0.2 m) and tallies connected at every 10 links and 25 links respectively.
Engineer's chain -is 100 ft in length and divided into too links. The details of construction are the same as that of the metric chain. For every ten links brass tags are provided.
12. How do you test a chain?
One meter length of a chain should be accurate to 2 mm then measured by a standardized tape or steel band. The chain length may be of: (i) 20 m chain ± 5 m; 30 m chain ± 8 m. The chain is tested by comparing it with (i) a, standardized steel tape kept in a surveyor's office and (ii) the chain standard (standard chain length) kept at some public buildings in town.
13. What are the instruments used for a chain surveying
Following are the instruments used for chain survey.
Instruments for linear measurement: chain, tapes
Instruments for setting out right-angles: cross-staff, optical square and prism square
Other accessories: ranging rods, offset rods, arrows, plumb bob, wooden· pegs.
14. What are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain One?
Following are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line.
Cross-staff: It is the simplest form of instrument used for setting out perpendiculars.
There are three types, viz., open cross-staff, French cross-staff, and Adjustable cross- staff.
Optical Square: It is a small metal box with mirrors and three slits to view and set out perpendiculars. The principle involved in the instrument is the principle of reflecting surfaces.
Prism square: It is based on the same principle as that of optical square. Here instead of prism is used. It is more versatile and reliable instrument.
15. What is Representative fraction?
Scale of a drawing is defined as the ratio of the ground distance to the plotted length on the drawing sheet, 1 cm = 10 m where 1 cm in a sheet representing 10 m on. Ground the above scale can also be represented as whose numerator is unit Y. This fraction is called Representative fraction (RF).
16. How do you record the field observation in a field book?
The field book consists of an oblong book with a hinge short-length edge. The chain is represented by one or red or blue lines printed centrally along the length of each e. The recording also called as booking, is commenced from bottom of the first page. In order to distinguish from the readings, the double-line book is preferred.
17. What is meant by hypotenusal allowance?
The allowance made in a measurement made on a peg ground to get the horizontal distance is called the hypotenusal allowance. This is given as 100 which is the angle of the slope.
18. What are the different Sources of errors in chain surveying?
The sources of errors in chain surveying are
Compensating. errors and
Cumulative errors.
19. What are the different tape corrections?
Tape corrections. are all made for one or more of the reasons, viz., temperature, pull, slope, sag and Temperature connection is made when the temperature the time of measurent till is different than the standard temperature to Correction may be positive or negative pending on Tm is
greater or less than to Similarly other corrections are made .
20. Explain the Graphical method of enlarging a map.
The figure to be enlarged or reduced to be taken and)" along the boundary a net work of squares of 2 cm to 5 cm side are accurately drawn of pencil. The vertical and horizontal sides are drawn on the complete figure. Next a similar number of squares are drawn, on drawing larger in size. The points of intersection of the lines in plan and the details with the sides of square and the exact location of the points- of the figure are carefully noted.
The noted points are transferred to new drawing after scaling proportionately. These points are joined by smooth curve which gives the enlarged figure
| Part-B 1. a. Explain principal of Surveying. | (8) |
| b. With a simple sketch state the construction and use of a cross staff | (8) |
| 2. a. Explain the principal of working from whole to part | (8) |
| b. What are the accessories for a chain survey? Explain the functions of each. | (8) |
| 3. Discuss the various obstacles in chaining. | (16) |
| 4. What is ranging? What are the methods of ranging a survey line? | (16) |
| 5. a. Explain the method of reciprocal ranging. | (8) |
| b. Discuss the methods of chaining over obstacles for chaining and not for ranging | (8) |
6. A Chain was tested and found exactly 30m before starting a survey. At the end of the (16)
chain survey, it was found to be 0.18 meter too long. The survey was for finding the
area of a field. The area of this field as drawn to scale of 1cm = 50meters was 130 Sq-m. Find correct area of the field?
7. A steel tape 30m long standardized at 100C with a pull of 10 kg was used for (16) measuring a base line. Find the correction per length, if at the time of measurement the temperature was 220Cand the pull exerted 15 kg weight of steel per cubic centimeter
equals 7.75 gms. Weight of tape is 0.68kgs, E=2.11 x 106 kgs/cm, and α = 12 x 10-6
per 0C.
8. A distance of 2000m was measured by 30m chain. Later on it was detected that the chain (16) Was 0.1m too long .Another 500m (i.e., total 2500m) was measured and it was detected
That the chain was 0.15m too long. If the length of the chain in the initial stage was correct , Determine the exact length that was measured.
9. What are different tape corrections and how are they applied? (16)
10. What are the different sources of error in chain surveying? Distinguish between cumulative
And compensating error (16)
UNIT-II
Part-A (2 Marks)
1. Define the following terms: (i) True meridian (ii) Magnetic meridian
The line passing through the geographical North Pole or the pole and any point on the surface of the earth is known the true meridian or geographical meridian. The direction shown by a magnetic needle without being affected by magnetic substances, when the needle is suspended and balanced properly is known as the magnetic meridian.
2. Define: (i) True bearing (ii) Magnetic bearing
True bearing of a line is the angle made by the line with the true or geographical north. It is always measured in the clockwise direction with a measuring range of 0° to 360°. Magnetic meridian of a line is the angle made by the line with the magnetic north. It is always measured in the clockwise direction with a measuring range of 0° to 360°.
3. Differentiate between "Surveyor's compass" and "Prismatic compass" with reference to reading and tripod.
With referenced to reading In Prismatic compass, the reflecting prism carries the
sighting and the sighting of the object and readings are taken simultaneously. Surveyors compass, the object has to be sighted to ground to read graduation and readings are With reference to tripod.
Tripod may or may not be needed for prismatic compass It can be used even by holding suitably in hand. . Surveyor's compass can not be used without a tripod.
4. What’s meant by reduced bearing?
When the whole circle bearing is converted to quadrates bearing it is termed the reduced bearing. Thus the reduced bearing is similar to quadrantal bearing.
5. The fore bearings of a line AB is 60°, and BC if. 340°. Calculate the angle ABC. If the back bearings. of CD and DA are 60° and 345° respectively, calculate the angles BCD and CDA. . Fore Bearing of AB = 60°
Back Bearing of AB = 240°
LA = F.B of BC ~ B.B of AB = 340° - 240° = 100
L.BCD= 240° - B.B of BC= 240° - 160° = 80
6. What are the different sources of local attraction?
The materials which may influence magnetic action are the presence of
Magnetic rocks
Iron ore deposits
Steel structures
Rail
Iron lamp posts
Transmission tower
7. Write the advantages of plane table surveying.
The plan is drawn at the field itself
The surveyor can compare the plotted work with actual features of the area.
Most suitable for small scale work
No great skill is required
8. Write the disadvantages of plane table surveying.
Most inconvenient in rainy season
It is inconvenient to transport.
It is not intended ended for specific work.
It is essentially a tropical instrument.
9. What is resection? List a few methods.
Resection method is used or establishing the plane table station. That is the significance of this method is that the point plotted on the map is the station occupied by the plane table. This method· is quite useful and is applied in the solution of two-point and three-point problem
.Three point problems can be solved by (i) mechanical method (ii) graphical method and (iii)
hit and trial method
10. List the errors in a plane table surveying.
Instrumental error
Errors of plotting
Errors due to manipulation and sighting
Inaccurate centering.
11. State Two point problem.
Location of the position on the plan , of the station occupied by the plane table by means of two observations to two well defined points whose position have been plotted on the plan.
12. State three point problem.
Location of the position , on the plan of the station occupied by the plane table by means of observations to three well defined points whose positions have been previously plotted on the plan.
13. What do you mean by strength of fix?
The accuracy of locating the position of a point, say A, is based on the relative position of points, say P, Q, R and A. If the station A lies on the great circle, all the three rays intersect at
one point although the plane table is not perfectly fixed. At this condition the required point (a) becomes indeterminate. For other positions of A triangle of error will be reflected. Under these conditions the accuracy of fixing the position of point a Varies with location of A relative to P, Q and R. The accuracy of fixing is designated as the strength of fix.
14. Distinguish between closed traverse and open traverse.
Closed traverse is one in which the last survey line is joined back to the last station point forming a polygon. Such a type of survey is more suitable for moderately large areas like lakes, forests, building complexes, etc.
Open traverse, also called as unclosed traverse is are, when the traverse does not return back to the first station point and does not form a closed polygon.
15. List the errors in a compass instrument.
The errors may be caused due to
needle not straight
pivot not upright
needle lost magnetism
pivot not sharp but dull
movement of the needle not free
plane of sight not vertical
graduation circle not horizontal
Plane of sight not passing through the graduated ring.
vertical hair is too thick or low
16. Distinguish between plain alidade and telescopic alidade.
The plain alidade is fitted with the vanes at each end which are hinged with the horse hair.
One vane is on object vane which is provided with a horse hair and the other one is a sight vane provided with a narrow slit.
The telescopic alidade provided with a telescope replaces the vanes and is meant for sighting inclined sights and sighting distant objects.
17. Why centering and leveling should be done?
Centering is the process by which the point on the ground and the point plotted on the drawing sheet are brought on the same vertical line. This is to be done only then points transferred from ground to the sheet will be correct and any object located will be accurate.
In the process of leveling the plane table is brought to the horizontal position with respect to the centre line of the table. Then only when the table is rotated for different observations, the plane will be horizontal and the points located will be exact. If not the location of points are distorted.
18. What is orientation? Why it is to be performed?
The table is so positioned such that all the lines plotted and parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground. This process is called orientation. The process connects all the ground stations and maintains the same position in the paper. Orientation is performed at every successive
station. Orientation can be done by back-sighting method or by using magnetic needle.
19. When would you recommend radiation method?
The radiation method is useful for surveys of small areas wherein all the objects can be commanded from a single plane table station. In large scale areas to be surveyed this method can be combined with other methods using a telescopic alidade. The work can be rapidly used and will have a wider scope.
20. What is intersection method? Where it is used?
In this method the objects are fixed on the plane table sheet by intersection of rays from two plane table or instrument stations. The line joining these two plane table stations is called the base line. This method needs only the measurements of the base line unlike in the radiation method.
Part-B (16Marks)
1. A compass survey was carried out around a closed traverse ABCD and the (16)
following readings were obtained:
| LINE | F.B | B.B |
| AB | 74º30’ | 256º10’ |
| BC | 107º30’ | 286º30’ |
| CD | 225º10’ | 45º10’ |
| DA | 306º50’ | 126º10’ |
Find out the station affected by the local attraction and work out the corrected bearing of the lines.
2. Find out the station affected by the local attraction and work out the corrected (16)
bearing of the lines. The following are the observed bearing of the lines of a
traverse ABCDEA with a compass in a place where local attraction was suspected.
| LINE | FB | BB |
| AB | 1910 45’ | 39030’ |
| BC | 22015’ | 222030’ |
| CD | 22015’ | 200030’ |
| DE | 242045’ | 62045’ |
EA 330015’ 147045
Find the correct bearing of the line and included angles.
3. The following are the bearing observed in traversing with a compass an area where. (16) Local attraction was suspected Calculate the interior angles of the traverse and correct
Them if necessary.
| LINE | FB | BB |
| AB | 15000’ | 33000’ |
| BC | 230030’ | 4800’ |
| CD | 306015’ | 127045’ |
| DE | 2980 | 120000 |
| EA | 49030’ | 229030’ |
4. Explain briefly about three point problem of (16) (a) Beesels graphical method
(b) Trial and error method
5. a. Describe procedure of setting a plane table and orientation methods over (8)
a station
b. Distinguish between resection and intersection methods as applied to plane table surveying.
(8)
6. Describe the various accessories used in plane table surveying? Explain their (16) Functions?
7. a. Compare in detail a surveyor’s compass with a prismatic compass. (8)
b. Describe the method of orientation of plane table surveying. (8)
8. Draw a neat sketch and explain the prismatic compass (16)
9. What is a two point problem? How it is solved. (16)
10. Define three point problem and how it is solved by tracing paper method. (16)
UNIT –III
PART –A
1 What is Leveling?
Leveling is the operation of measuring vertical distance either directly or indirectly, to determine differences in elevation. The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical distance between the two level surfaces in which the points lie.
2. Define Bench-Mark.
It is a fixed point or mark of known elevation fixed \\lith reference to a datum line. They serve as reference points for finding the reduced level of new points or for conducting leveling operations in projects involving roads, railways. etc.
3. Name different kinds of bench marks.
GTS Bench-mark
Permanent Bench-mark
Arbitrary Bench-mark
Temporary Bench-mark
4. Distinguish between GTS Bench-mark and arbitrary Bench-mark.
GTS "Bench-marks are those bench-marks which are established all over the country at large intervals by the Survey of India. Department.
When reduced levels of some fixed points are assumed, they are called as arbitrary bench-mark. These are adopted in small survey operations.
5. Distinguish between Permanent and Temporary Bench-marks.
Permanent bench-marks are fixed points or marks set up by different Govt. departments. The, reduced levels of these points are determined with reference to GTS bench-marks.
When the bench-marks are set up temporarily at the end of a day's work, they are referred to as temporary bench-marks
6. What are back-sights and fore-sights?
Back sight is the first staff reading taken on a point of known elevation in any set up of the levelling instrument.
Foresight is the last staff reading taken a point in set up of the levelling instrument and indicates the shifting of the instrument.
7. Differentiate between a level line and a horizontal line.
Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line.
This line is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at,a points.
Any line lying on a horizontal plane is a horizontal line which is tangential to a level line. .
8. What is the difference between the line of collimation and axis of the telescope?
Line of collimation or line of sight is an imaginary line passing through the cross-hair at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation.
Axis of telescope is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of the object glass and the optical centre of the eye-piece.
9. What is an R.L? How will you get the R.L of a starting point?
The reduced level or elevation in the vertical distance of a point above or below a datum. . The R.L. of. a point may be positive or negative according as the point is above or below the datum. R.L. of a first point is got by adding the back-sight reading taken on Bench-mark to the elevation of that Bench-mark.
10. How leveling is done using foot screws?
The telescope is placed parallel to, a pair, of foot, screws and the bubble is brought to the centre by turning both the screw inwards and outwards. Then the telescope is rotated
by 90° such that it lies over the third foot screw. This foot screw, only is turned now to bring the bubble to the centre. The telescope is brought back to the old position with the
object glass and eye-piece in the same position. The bubble is brought to its centre. Now the operation is repeated until the bubble remains at the centre
10. Explain the theory of simple leveling.
If it is required to find the difference in elevation between two points which are visible from simple positions, then the leveling performed is called the simple leveling. Let P and Q be the two points and the R.L of P be 100.00. Level is be set up at the middle of the points and the readings be 2.305 and 1.215 on the staff held at P and Q. Then,
RL of point P== 100.00
Height of instrument = 100 + 2.305 == 102.305
R.L. of point Q = 102.305 - 1.215 = 101.09
11. What is fly leveling?
Fly leveling in principle is at to differential leveling. Fly leveling is done to connect the bench-marks to any intermediate point of the alignment for checking the accuracy of the work. Here, back-sight and fore-sight readings are taken at every set up of the level and the level is set approximately at the midway between the' points.
12. What are the arithmetical checks done? In both the systems of reduction of levels?
Every page of a level book should end with a check on the entries and the reduction of levels, this check is called as arithmetical check. As per this check in
Plane of collimation method .Here there is no check on the R.L s. of intermediate points
Rise and Fall method
There is complete check on the R.L s of intermediate points
13. What are the errors in leveling?
Following are the errors:
Improper adjustment of level
Parallax error
Earth's curvature
Atmospheric refraction
Variation in temperature
Staff not held vertically
Faulty turning points
Settlement of tripod
Bubble not at the centre
Inability of the observer in reading
14. Define the terms (i) Contour line, (ii) Contour interval and (iii) Horizontal equivalent.
Contour Line: If the locations of several ground points of all elevation are plotted on a drawing a line joining these p6ints is called the contour line.
Contour Interval: On a given map, successive contour lines for present elevations. Differing by a fixed vertical distance called f the contour interval.
Horizontal Equivalent: The horizontal distance between any r to consecutive .contours is known as the horizontal equivalent and depends on the steepness of the ground.
15. How will you distinguish between a summit and a depression by studying the nature of the contour?
A closed contour line indicates either a summit or a depression according as the Higher or lower values are inside them. In summit the higher values are inside the closed contour and the lower values on the outer. In the depression the lower value is at the inside of the closed contour and the higher values on the outside.
16. How earthwork required is calculated using contours.
For computation of earthwork areas of cross-sections of successive cross-sections are considered. The average area, multiplied by the spacing between cross-sections gives the volume of earthwork. For this trapezoidal or prismoidal rules can be used.
17. Why the horizontal equivalent is not constant?
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours. Depending on the steepness or plain nature of the ground· the horizontal equivalent depends. For steeper slope the horizontal equivalent is less than a plain ground for the same difference in elevation. As the slope of the ground· between two contour is not constant in all directions, the horizontal equivalent is not constant.
18. In some contours the lines are closer in some they are wider for the same contour interval what does it mean.
Contours running close together indicate a slope for a given contour interval. For the same contour interval, they run wider in plain flat terrain.
19. What is contour gradient? Where it is used?
The gradient between any two contours .Is called the contour gradient. This is got by dividing the difference in elevation between two contours, at a point and the horizontal stance between them. This is used in route surveying.
20. Explain the object of preparing a contour map.
Generally topography of an area is depicted by a 'contour which are very useful for various engineering projects. As a matter of fact every civil engineering work has to be started (with a contour map. Contour maps are prepared for alignment of highway, railway, waterway, sewer line, etc and to decide the catchments, area of the reservoir and the location of a dam or reservoir.
PART – B
1. What are the temporary adjustments of dumpy level? How is it done? (16)
2. Following consecutive staffs reading were taken with a level along a sloping (16)
| Ground line AB at a regular distance of 20m by using 4 m leveling staff 0.352,0.787,1.832,2.956,3.758,0.953,1.766,2.738,3.872,0.812,2.325and 3.137. Rule out a page of level field book, enter the above reading RL of point A is 320.288 Calculate RL of all points by rise fall system, and work out the gradient of line AB. | ||
| 3. | Following is pages of spoiled field book complete it and show necessary Check. Find the values in the ‘X’ marked column | (16) |
| B.S | I.S | F.S | RISE | FALL | R.L |
| 2.430 | 150.000 | ||||
| X | 0.320 | X | |||
| 3.210 | 1.040 | 1.710 | X | ||
| 2.415 | X | X | |||
| 3.575 | X | X | |||
| 2.150 | X | 2.615 | X | ||
| 3.670 | X | X | |||
| X | 2.550 | X |
4. The following consecutive reading were taken with a level and 4m leveling staff (16)
ground at common interval of 30m as
0.725 on A,0.935,2.845,3.745,3.935,0.965,1.135,1.785,2.625,3.845,0.965,1.575 and 2.015 on B. The elevation of point A is 220.50m. Makeup level book page, apply usual check and calculate the reduced levels of points. Also calculate the gradient of line AB.
5. The following is the extract of a page level field book. Fill in the missing reading (16)
and calculate R.Ls. Apply usual check :-
| S.NO | B.S | I.S | F.S | H.C | R.L | REMARKS |
| 1. | X | 102.500 | 100.000 | B.M | ||
| 2. | 3.205 | X |
| 3. | X | 101.255 | ||||
| 4. | 2.815 | 1.970 | X | |||
| 5. | 1.820 | X | ||||
| 6. | X | 99.825 | ||||
| 7. | X | 101.420 |
6. The following reciprocal levels were taken with one level: - (16)
| INSTRUMENT STATION | READING ON STAFF HELD AT | |
| A | B | |
| A | 2.180 | 2.715 |
| B | 1.300 | 1.615 |
Distance between A and B was 900 m. If R.L. of A is 230.00m Determine i) the true level of B ii) he combined correction for curvature and refraction.
7. What do you understand by sensitivity of bubble tube? How is it determined? (16) In a leveling work, following are the observation taken at every 30m interval
along a survey line. First reading was taken on zero chainage having R.L. =176.500
Enter these observations in proper tabular form, compute reduced levels and show necessary check. Determine the general gradient of ground from first point and the last point neglecting other points.1.750, 1.370, 1.150, 2.315, 0.950, 1.415, 2.040 and 3.590 Instrument was shifted after 4th observation.
8. The following reading were taken with a dumpy level 1) when the instrument is (16)
midway between two pegs A and B,100mts apart. The staff reading on A= 3.345m
The staff reading on B= 2.025m 2) When the instrument is kept very near A
The staff reading on A= 2.950m The staff reading on B= 2.000m Is the instrument in adjustment or not? When the instrument is very near A, What should be the correct reading on staff B?
9. Find the radius of curvature of the bubble tube if the length of one division is 2mm (16)
and if the angular value of one division is:
i) 20Second ii) 1minute
10. What is reciprocal leveling and why is it employed? What errors will be eliminated? (16)
by this?
11. Explain with neat sketches the characteristics of contours. (16)
12. Show contour to represent the following with neat sketches.
1) Valley 2) A Saddle 3) Vertical cliff 4) Hill
13. What are the methods of “Interpolation” of contour? Explain. (16)
14. Write Characteristics of Contour lines. (16)
15. What do you understand by Sensitivity of bubble tube? How is it determined? Find (16)
the radius of curvature of bubble tube if the length of one division is 2mm and if the angular value of one division is:1) 20 Second 2) 1minute.
UNIT- IV
Part-A (2 Marks)
1. What are consecutive coordinates and independent coordinates?
Consecutive coordinates are those in which the latitude and departures of a point life calculated with reference to the point. These coordinates may be positive or negative on the quadrant on which, it falls Independent coordinates are those in which the latitude departures of a point are calculated with respect to origin. The origin may be a survey station or a point outside the traverse.
2. Define latitude and departure.
The latitude of a line is the distance measured parallel the North-South line. Similarly the distance measured parallel to the East-West line is the departure. If the reduced bearing of a line and its length are known then the latitude and departure can be computed
3. What is Transit Rule?
In theodolite traversing the angular measurements are more accurately done compared to linear measurements. The transit rule is applicable only in such situations. As per this rule the correction to latitude or departure is considered as a factor of latitude or departure of the side instead of the length the side. Accordingly the transit rule is Total error in latitude Correction to departure.
4. What is Bowdich rule?
Bowdich rule is applied for corrections in latitude: and departure. As per this rule, the error is proportional to the length of the side. Therefore the corrections to the latitude and departure are given as closing error in latitude
5. Which method you prefer for open-traverse using theodolite?
The deflection angle method is mostly suitable for open-traverse in the survey of rivers, coast lines, roads, railways, etc. A deflection angle may be defined as the angle between the 'preceding survey line and the following line. The angle may be a right-hand deflection angle or the left-hand deflection angle based on the observation.
6. How traversing is done by adopting included angle method?
This method may be used for both open-traverse and closed-traverse. It is more suitable for closed- traverse. Although traverse may be done in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. For closed- traverse the traverse is generally taken in the anti-clockwise direction. It is necessary to note down whether the angle is interior angle or exterior angle.
7. Explain reiteration Method.
In this method all the horizontal angles are measured successively and finally the horizon is closed the angle the last and first station is measured. The final reading vernier should be the same as its initial reading. does not coincide, the 'difference is equally 'distributed i, e measured angles.
8 Explain the repetition method.
In this method the angle is added continuously and the total angle is divided into the number of repetitions to get the angle. Generally six repetitions are made, out of which half of the repetitions are made, out of which half of e repetitions are made with the telescope normal and half with the telescope inverted. By this process very accurate measurement of angles can be made.
9. What is called spire test?
The test conducted to bring the horizontal axis perpendicular to vertical axis is called the spire test. This condition ensures that the motion of telescope is in a vetiical plane.
10. What do you understand by the name transit theodolite?
Theodoltes are primarily classified as (i) Transit and (ii) Non-transit theodolite
Transit theodolite is one in which the telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. Transit theodolite is mostly used now-a. days.
11. Define standards in theodolite.
This is shaped like letter 'A' and also called as A frame which is the supporting telescope, top of the standards are provided with the bearings for the pivots of the telescope About these pivots the telescope can 'rotate freely in the vertical plane.
12. List the essential qualities of a theodolite telescope.
Internally focusing telescope is used in theodolites. In this telescope, the objective arid eye-piece do not move when the focusing screw is tuned. There is a double concave lens is fitted with rack and pinion arrangement between eye-piece and objective. This lens moves in and out when the focusing is done and a real image is formed on the plane of cross-hairs.
13. List the essential parts of a theodolite.
A transit theodolite consists of the following parts:
Leveling head
Plate levels
Lower plate
Telescope
upper plate
Altitude bubbles
Plumb bob
Compass
T-frame
14. What is a prismoidal formula for computation of volume? V=d/3 [A1+An + 4 (A2 +A4 + ... ) + 2 (A3 +A5+ ... )]
15. What is prismoidal correction for Trapezoidal Rule?
In general volumes between successive areas are found on the average of end areas and a prismoidal correction Prismoidal correction is deducted from the volume computed using average end areas. It varies with the type of, n involved.
16. What is a planimeter?
Planimeter is an instrument used for finding out the area plotted, plan. It is a mechanical device which is fast. The polar planimeter is the one which is widely used
17. State Trapezoidal rule? What are the limitations?
The trapezoidal rule may be stated as, the sum of the first and last ordinates; twice the sum of the intermediate ordinates and the total sum is multiplied by half of the common distance. Here the boundaries between the end of ordinates are assumed to be straight lines.
This can be applied to any number of ordinates. There is no limitation.
18. State Simpson's rule? What are the limitations?
The Simpson's rule may be stated as: The sum of the and last ordinates, four times the sum of the even ordinates twice the sum of the odd ordinates, multiplied by the non distance and divided by three. The boundaries between the ordinates are assumed to an arc of a parabola. The limitation of this rule is that it can be applied when lumber of ordinates is odd.
19. How area is calculated from a plan by dividing into squares?
A square chart of convenient size is plotted on a tracing per, with each square representing a definite area namely are cm. or square meter.
The tracing paper is placed on the drawing sheet or map I the number of full squares are first counted. The portion the squares on the boundary are broken which are estimated terms of fractional squares. The required area is calculated
20. What is called area of skeleton? Give examples.
In the process of surveying the whole area is divided to some geometrical figures, such as triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapeziums and then the areas are calculated by e known geometric formulae.
PART – B
| 1. | Describe the process of repetition and reiteration method of Theodolite traversing | (16) |
| 2. | What are the different fundamental axes of theodolite and list out the relation between them? | (16) |
3. Explain, how to determine R.L. of the Elevated object as base of the object inaccessible and instrument station are in the same vertical plane as that of the elevated object and
also instrument axes at the same level in case of trigonometric leveling.
4. An observer standing on the deck of a ship just sees a light house. The top of the light
(16)
house is 40mts above the sea level and height of the observer’s eye is 5mt above the sea level. Find the distance of the observer from the light house. (16)
5. Explain the terms:
1) Latitude
2) Departure
3) Consecutive Coordinate
4) Independent Coordinate (16)
6. A theodolite was setup a distance of 180m from a light house and the angle of elevation to its top and depression to its base were observed as 22º45’ and 1º12’
| respectively. The reading on a staff held on B.M. of R.L. 175.590m.was 1.85m | ||
| with line of collimation horizontal. Calculate 1) The height of light house | ||
| 2) The R.L of top. | (16) | |
| 5. | Write short note on temporary adjustment of theodolite. | (16) |
| 7. | Draw a neat diagram of transit theodolite and label its parts. | (16) |
| 8. | The following are the length and bearings of the sides of a closed traverse ABCD:- |
| Line | Length (m) | Beearings |
| AB | 76.80 | 140012’ |
| BC | 195.60 | 36024’ |
| CD | 37.30 | 338048’ |
| DA | ? | ? |
Compute the length and bearing of the line DA. (16)
9. A traverse was made along three lines AB,BC, CD And the result tabulated as follows:-
| Line | W.C.B | Incl.Angle | Length (m) |
| AB | 16700’ | 216.7 | |
| BC | 12600’ | 176 | |
| CD | 11500’ | 295.5 | |
| DA | ? | ? |
Calculate the length and bearing of DA. (16)
10. Due to certain obstruction in running a traverse ABCDEA, the length and bearing of
the line CD could not be taken. The following measurements were taken. Calculate the length and bearing of the line CD:- (16)
UNIT- V
Part-A (2 Marks)
1. What is mine surveying?
The principle of mine surveying, also generally called as underground survey, is similar to those of land survey but for some difference. Special considerations are given for the following important factors.
arrangements to be made to illuminate the target.
placing stations on roof should be visible
adequate care in shaft plumbing
underground traverse to be done through different passages.
proper coordination of various works have to be done.
2. What is a construction survey?
The purpose of construction survey is to re-establish points, lines and grades. On the ground at the time of construction. Any minor modifications can be accommodated from the location survey. Any additional precautions or techniques to be adopted may be done during the construction stage.
3. How the setting out of a culvert is done?
In order to facilitate a roadway or a railway or pipeline proceed crossing a null or a steam a culvert is constructed,
The centre of the culvert is taken as the origin of a angular coordinate system. The centre line of road or railway is considered as one axis and the centre line of stream is considered as another axis. The foundation centre line diagram is prepared and the centre line portion of stream is also prepared. The centre lines are mark as done in a building and then proceeded.
4. What are the local surveys to be conducted for a highway project? The detailed survey involved is:
fixing temporary bench-marks along the route for every 300 m.
the cross-sectional details are taken for every 30 m on either side of the centre line.
All details of cross-drainage works are taken
Topographical details are taken
Detailed soil survey is carried out
5. What are tunnels?
Tunnels are underground passages or routes used for different purposes. They are made by excavation of tacks below the surface or through the hills or mountains. In the election of location of tunnels various factors like location of ,am, power house, nature of bus routes, location of township, etc are to be considered like other engineering structures and tunnels too need favourable geological conditions t the selected site for achieving safety, stability and econ0It;ty.
6. What is a route surveying?
Route surveying is applied to the surveys required to establish the horizontal and vertical alignments for transport facilities. The transport facilities may be a highway, railway, aqueducts,
canals, water pipe line, oil and gas line, cable ways, ;sewage disposal, power, telephone and transmission lines.
7. List the details to be taken in a location survey in anyone project.
Following are the details to be taken in a location survey a canal-irrigation project:
Pattern of rainfalI over the year.
types of crops
water demand for each type of crop
adequacy of rainfall
Future scope of the project, etc.
8. What preliminary surveys are done for establishing an airport?
The preliminary survey includes the following surveys:
A theodolite transverse is done covering the entire area
A plane table survey is carried out to get the details.
If it is a rugged terrain and unsuitable to conduct a chain survey, a tachometer survey .may be conducted.
A proper location survey has to be conducted to decide the place for communication tower.
A contour survey has to be conducted to locate the runways and taxiways.
9. List the names of instruments needed in a preliminary survey.
The following instruments are generally used for preliminary survey:
transit theodolite
prismatic compass
Dumpy level or hand level or Abney level
chain and accessories
tapes
plane table
10. What are the details to be taken in a reconnaissance survey for a triangulation project?
In the case of a triangulation project the reconnaissance survey consists of selection of stations. determination of the size and shape of the resulting triangles. The number of stations to be occupied and the number of angle or directions to be observed. Further the indivisibility and accessibility of stations and the convenience of baseline measurements are to be considered.
11. What are the three classes of circular curves?
The three types of circular curves are
a simple horizontal curve of single radius
a compound curve of two circular curves of different radii with common tangent.
a circular reverse curve of different or equal radii bending in opposite directions.
12. In a highway a change in the rate of grade or direction
may cause the vehicle on the highway a sudden impact. So for a smooth and safe running of vehicles on a change in gradient or direction condition a vertical curve is used. A vertical curve may be parabolic or circular curve. A parabolic curve is preferred as it provides a smooth and most comfortable ride.
13. What is an ideal transition curve?
The main requirement of an ideal transition curve is that the super-elevation should be increased informal with the increase of centrifugal force at a constant rate.
14. What is super-elevation?
When a vehicle is negotiating a curve that is suddenly .moving from a straight to a curved path, the vehicle experiences a centrifugal force which tends to push the vehicle away from the road or track. In order to counter-balance the centrifugal force the outer edge of a road or rail is raised which is known as the super-elevation or cant.
15. What are the functions of a transition curve?
Following are the functions of a transition curve:
should introduce super-elevation gradually
should maintain a constant proportionality between super-elevation and rate of change of
curvature.
should minimize wear and tear on rail section and on vehicle tires.
should eliminate derailment or over turning of train.
16. What is called two-theodolite method?
In this method of setting out curves two theodolites are used and hence the method is called "Two-theodolite method". In this method no tape or chain is needed. This method is suitable in terrains where the tape or chain could not be used.
In this method the basic property of the circle that "the angle between a tangent and the chord is equal to the angle hat the chord subtends in the opposite segment is used.
17. What is a transition curve and where such provided?
A curve having a gradual varying radius is called a transition curve. For example a curve with infinite radius in the beginning and varying gradually to a finite radius. Transition curves are provided in railway tracks to ensure safe running of the trains without overturning or derailment. This curves provide comfort to passengers both on roads and on railways.
18. What is a reverse curve? Where it is used?
When two curves of different or equal radii are bending in opposite directions then it is called a reverse curve, Reverse curves have one common tangent.
Such curves are preferred in situations where the straights have their angle of intersection is too acute. This is used in roads and railways where a low speed is anticipated.
19. What is a compound curve? Where it is used?
When a curve consists of more than one radius connecting two intersecting straights it is called a compound curve. The direction of change of curvature is on the same side.
It is used in situation where it is not possible to connect the two tangents by one circular curve, it becomes necessary, to take a common tangent, and set out two curves of different radii to connect the rear and forward tangents.
Part –B
1.a. Define lift and lead. (4)
b. Explain the operations involved in tunnel alignment and setting of tunnel. (12)
1. A simple curve is to have a radius of 300m. The tangents intersect at chainage (16)
of 1192.00m, and the deflection angle at intersection is 50.50 . Find the angent distance, change at beginning and a length of long chord , degree of curve and the number of full and sub chords.
3. a. What is a need for super elevation (4)
b. A transition curve is required fir a circular curve of radius 400m, the gauge (12)
being 1.5m between rail centers and maximum curve super elevation is restricted to 12.cm . The transition curve is to be designed for a velocity such that no lateral pressure is impressed on the rails and the rate of gain of radial and the rate of gain of radial acceleration is 30 cm/sec2. Calculate the required length of transition
curve and the design period.
4. a. Distinguish between a compound curve and a reverse curve. (4)
b. A parabolic vertical curve is to be set out connecting twouniform grades +0.8% (12) The transition curve is to be designed for a velocity such that no lateral
pressure is impressed on th rails and the rate of of gain of radial acceleration is
30cm/sec2. Calculate the length of transition curve and the design period.
5. a. A transition curve of 100m length is introduced on either side of a circular curve of
radius 500m .Calculate the shift and spiral angle. (10)
b. What are the factors to be considered in mine surveying? (6)
6a. Explain the procedure of setting out foundation trenches for buildings with masonary walls. (8)
b. Briefly explain the method of setting out a simple curve by offset from the chords produced. (8)
7. Draw a simple circular curve and mark the salient points. Explain the setting out of
curve by two theodolite method. (16)
8. Compare the difficulties involved in mine surveying with a normal surveying
| Work or ground | (16) |
| 9. Distinguish between a compound curve and a reverse curve. | (16) |
| 10. Explain any linear two linear methods of setting out circular curves | (16) |
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