Anna University Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF ECE QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE: EC 1403
SUBJECT NAME: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
PAR T-A (2 Marks) UNIT - 1
Prepared by
P.P.Selvakumar, M.Rekha
1. What are the different applications of satellite systems?
*Largest International S ystem(Intel sat)
*Domestic sat system in united states(Dom sat)
*U.S National Oceanography Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
2. Mention the different services of satellite systems.
*Fixed satellite services
*Broadcasting satellite services
*Mobile satellite services
*Navigational satellite services
*Meteorological satellite services.
3. Define Polar-orbiting Satellites.
Polar orbiting Satellites orbit the earth in such a way as to cover the north & south polar regions.
4. State kep ler’s first law.
It states that the path followed by the satellite around the primary will be an ellipse. An
ellipse has two focal points F1 &F2.The center of mass of the two body system, termed the barycenter is always centered on one of the foci.
5. StateKep ler’s second law.
It states that for equal time intervals, the satellite will sweep out equal areas in its orbital
plane, focused at the barycenter.
6. State kep ler’s third law.
It states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is perpendicular to the cube of the mean distance between the two bodies.
7. Define apogee & perigee.
*The point farthest from the earth is known as apogee.
*The point closest from the earth is known as perigee.
8. What is line of apsides?
The line joining the perigee & apogee through the center of the earth.
9. Define ascending & descending node.
Ascending :The point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from South to North. Descending :The point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from North to
South.
10. Define inclination.
The angle between the orbital plane & the earth’s equatorial plane. It is measured at the ascending node from the equator to the orbit going from east to north.
11. Define mean anomaly & true anomaly.
Mean anomaly: It gives an average value of the angular position of the satellite with reference to the perigee.
True anomaly: It is the angle from perigee to the satellite position ,measured at the
earth’ s center.
12. Mention the apogee & perigee height. Ra = a(1+e)
Rp = a(1+e)
Ha = ra-rp
Hp =rp-Rp
13. Define Universal time.
It is the time used for all civil time keeping purposes & it is the time reference which is
broadcast by the national bureau of standards as a standard for setting clocks. UT day =1/24(hours+minutes/60+second s/3600)
UT = 360 X UT day.
14. Mention the Julian dates.
JD = JD010 + day number + Utday
15. What is sidereal time?
Sideral time is time measured relative to the fixed stars. It will be seen that one complete rotation sideral time relative to the sun .This is because the earth moves in its orbit around the
sun.
16. Define S ideral day.
It is defined as one deg-A’ (ES west of satellite) A=180deg+A’ (ES east of satellite)
For ES in northern hemisphere:
A= A’ (ES west of satellite)
A= 360- A’ (ES east of satellite)
A’ =tan-1 WDQ V- O VLQ O
17. Write short notes on attitude control system.
It is the system that achieves & maintains the required attitudes. The main functions of attitude control system include maintaining accurate satellite position througho ut the life span of the system.
18. What is a polar antenna?
A single actuator is used which moves the antenna in a circular arc ie known as polar
mount antenna.
19. What is declination?
The angle of tilt is often referred to as the declination which must not be confused with the magnetic declination used in correcting compass readings.
20. Define the terms in Eclipse.
During equinox periods, the earth the sun & the satellite are in alignment with the result
that earth’ s shadow eclipses the satellite & the sunlight fails to reach the satellite solar cells. The eclipse effect is noticeable for periods of about four weeks & the maximum daily eclipse duration is about 1.20hours.
21. What is meant by payload?
The payload refers to the equipment used to provide the service for which the satellite has been launched.
UNIT – 2
22. What is meant by transponder?
In a communication satellite, the equipment which provides the connecting link
between the satellites transmitted& receives antennas is referred to as the transponder.
23. Write short notes on station keeping.
It is the process of maintenance of satellite’s attitude against different factors that can cause drift with time. Satellites need to have their orbits adjusted from time to time because the satellite initially placed in the correct orbit, natural forces induce a progressive drift.
24. What is mean by P itch angle?
Movement of a spacecraft about an axis which is perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis. It is the deg of elevation or depression.
25. What is a propellant?
A solid or liquid substance burnt in a rocket for the purpose of producing thrust.
26. What is a Yaw?
Yaw is the rotation of a vehicle about its vertical axis.
27. What is a Zero ‘g’?
Zero ‘g’ is a state when the gravitational attraction is opposed by equal & opposite
inertial forces & the body experiences no mechanical stress.
28. Describe the spin stabilized satellites.
In a, spin stabilized satellites, the body of the satellite spins at about 30 to 100rpm about the axis perpendic ular to the orbital plane. The satellites are normally dual spin satellites with a spinning section & a despun section on which antennas are mounted. These are kept stationary w.r.to earth by counter rotating the despunsection.
29. What is meant by freque ncy reuse?
The carrier with opposite senses of polarization may overlap in frequency this
technique is known as frequency reuse.
30. What is meant by spot beam antenna?
A beam generated by a communication satellite antenna of sufficient size that the angular spread of sufficient size that the angular spread of the energy in the beam is very small with the result that a region that is only a few hundred km in diameter is illuminated on earth.
31. What is a TWTA?
The TWTAS are widely used in transponder to provide the final output power
required to the transtube & its power supplies.
32. What is meant by Inter-modulation distortion?
The AM/PM conversion is then a complicated function of carrier amplitudes, but in addition, the nonlinear transfer characteristic introduces a more serious form of distortion known as intermodulation distortion.
33. Define input back off.
In order to reduce the inter- modulation distortion, the operating point of the TWT must be shifted closer to the linear portion of the cur ve, the reduction in input power being referred to as i/p back off.
34. Define diplexer.
The transmit & receives signals are separated in a device known as diplexer
35. What is an OMT?
The polarization separation takes place in a device known as an orthocoupler or orthogonal mode transducer.
36. What is a polarization interleaving?
Overlap occurs between channels, but these are alternating polarized left hand circular & right- hand circular to reduce interference to acceptable levels. This is referre d to as polarization interleaving.
UNIT – III
37. What is an SCPC?
In a thin route circuit, a transponder channel (36mhz) may be occupied by a no. of single
carriers, each associated with its own voice circuit.
38. Define S/N ratio.
The S/N introduced in the preceding section is used to refer to the ratio of signal power to noise power at the receiver output. This ratio is sometimes referred to as the post detector.
39. What is noise weighting?
Improve the post detection signal to noise ratio is referred to as noise weighting.
40. What is an EIRP?
It is a measure of radiated or transmitted power of an antenna. It can be completed
from the antenna gain & the power fed to the antenna input.
41. Write the equations of losses for clear sky conditions. Losses=(FS L)+(RF L)+(AML)+(AA)+(P L)
42.What is an noise power spectral density?
Noise power per unit BW is termed the NPS density.
N0 = PN/BN=KTN joules
43. What is an Intermodulation noise?
Intermodulation distortion in high power amplifier can result in signal products which appear as noise & in fact is referred to as Intermodulation noise.
44. What are the types of antenna losses?
*sky noise
*Antenna losses
45. What is an antenna losses?
It is add to no ise received as radiation & the total antenna noise temperature is in the sum of the equivalent noise temperature of all these sources.
46. Define sky noise.
It is a term used to describe the microwave radiation which is present throughout universe & whic h appears to originate from matter in any form, at finite temperature.
47. Define noise factor.
An alternative way of representing amplifier noise is by means of its noisefactor. In defining
the NF of an amplifier, denoted by to usually taken as 290k
N0,out = F GKT0
48 What is an Absorptive n/w?
It is one which contains resistive elements. These introduce losses by absorbing energy from
the signal& converting it to heat. Resistive attenuators, transmission lines & waveguides are all examples of absorptive networks.
49. Write the equation of system noise factor. TS =Tant+ Te1+(L-1)T0/G1+L(F-1)T0/G1
50. Define saturation flux density.
The flux density required at the receiving antenna to produce saturation of TWTA is termed the saturation flux density.
51. A satellite downlink at 12GHZ operates with a transmit power of 6w & an antenna gain of 48.2db.Calculate the EIRP in Dbw.
EIRP = 10log6+48.2
=56Dbw.
52. Calculate the gain of a 3m parabolidal antenna operating at a frequency of
12GHZ.Assume an aperture efficiency of 0.5.
G=10log78168
=48.9Db
53. The range between a ground station & a satellite is 42000km. Calculate the free space loss a frequency of 6GHZ.
(FSL)=32.4+20log42000+20log6000
=200.4Db.
54. An antenna has a noise temperature of 35k & its matc hed into a receiver which has a noise temp of 100k. Calculate the noise power density & the noise power for a BW of
36MHZ. N0=(35+100)X1.38X10-23
=1.86X10-21J
PN = 1.86X10-21JX36X106
=0.067PW
UNIT - 4
55. What is a single mode of operation?
A transponder channel aboard a satellite may be fully loaded by a single transmission from an
earth station. This is referred to as a single access mode of operation.
56. What are the methods of multiple access techniques? FDMA (Frequency division multiple techniques)
TDMA (Time division multiple techniques)
57. What is in CDMA?& its types?
In this method each signal is associated with a particular code that is used to spread the signal
in frequency & or time.
*Spread spectrum multiple access
*Pulse address multiple access
58. What is a thin route service?
SCPC systems are widely used on lightly loaded routes, this type of service being referred to as a thin route service.
59. What is an important feature of Intelsat SCPC system?
The system is that each channel is vo ice activated. This means that on a two way telephone conversation only one carrier is operative at any one time.
60. What is an TDMA? What are the Advantage?
Only one carrier uses the transponder at any one time,& therefore inter- modulation products,
which results from the nonlinear amplification of multiple carriers are absent.
Merits: The transponder traveling wave tube can be operated at maximum power o/p or
saturation.
61. What is preamble?
Certain time slots at the beginning of each burst are used to carry timing &synchronizing information. These time slots collectively are referred to as preamble.
62. Define guard time.
It is necessary to between bursts to prevent the bursts from overlapping. The guard time will
vary from burst to burst depending on the accuracy with which the various bursts can be positioned within each frame.
63. What is meant by decoding quenching?
In certain phase detection systems the phase detector must be allowed time to recover from
one burst before the next burst is received by it. This is known as decoding quenching.
64. What is meant by direct closed loop feedback?
The timing positions are reckoned from the last bit of the unique word in the preamble .The loop method is also known as direct closed loop feedback.
65. What is meant by feedback closed loop control?
The synchronization information is transmitted back to an earth station from a distant that is termed feedback closed loop control.
66. Define frame efficiency.
It is a measure of the fraction of frame time used for the transmission of traffic. Frame
efficiency is defined as I WUDIILF ELWV WRWDO ELWV I -overhead bits/total bits.
67. What is meant by telephone load activity factor?
The fraction of time a transmission channel is active is known as the telephone load activity factor.
68. What is meant by digital speech interpolation ?
The point is that for a significant fraction of the time the channel is available for other
transmissions,& advantages is taken of this in a form of demand assignment known as digital speech interpolation.
69. What are the types of digital speech interpolation?
· Digital time assignment speech interpolation
· Speech predictive encoded communications
70. What is meant by freeze out?
It has assumed that a free satellite channe l will be found for any incoming speech spurt, but
of course there is a finite probability that all channels will be occupied & the speech spurt lost. Losing a speech spurt in this manner is referred to as freeze out.
71. What is DSI?
The DS I gain is the ratio of the number of terrestrial channels to number of satellite channels.
It depends on the number of satellite channels provided as well the design objectives stated above.
72. What are the advantages of SP EC method over DSI method?
The SPEC method over DSI method is that freeze out does not occur during overload
conditions.
73. What is ratio of bit rate IF bandwidth? Rb/BIF P
‘m’ is the roll of factor
m=1 for BPSK M=2 for QPSK.
74. What are the demerits of conventional approach method?
*Excessive size weight
*Power consumption.
75. Define space division multiplexing.
The satellites in geostationary orbit can be achieved through the use of antenna spot beams. The use of spot beam is also known as space division multiplexing.
76. Define satellite switched TDMA?
Space division multiplexing can be realized by switching the antenna interconnections in synchronism with the TDMA frame rate, this being know as satellite switched TDMA.
77. What is SS /TDMA?
A modern pattern is a repetitive sequence of satellite switch modes, also referred to as
SS/TDMA.
78. What is processing gain?
The jamming or interference signal energy is redused by a factor known as the processing gain.
UNIT - 5
79. What are the applications of Radarsat?
*Shipping & fisheries
*Ocean feature mapping
*Oil pollution monitoring
*Iceberg detection
*Crop monitoring
80. What is EC EF?
The geocentric equatorial coordinate system is used with the GPS system, where it is called the earth centered, earth fixed coordinate system.
81. What is dilution of precision?
Position calculations involve range differences, & where the ranges are nearly equal, any error is greatly magnified in the difference. This effect, brought about as known as a result of the satellite geometry is known as dilution of precision.
82. What is P DOP?
With the GPS system, dilution of position is taken into account through a factor known as the position dilution of precision.
83. What is burst code word?
It is a binary word, a copy of which is stored at each earth station.
84. Define SIC.
The identifies the Transmitting station.
85. What is an start of receiving frame?
At any given traffic station, detection of the unique word in the reference burst signals the start of receiving frame.
86. What is meant by burst position acquisition & burst position synchronization?
A station just entering, or reentering after a long delay to acquire its correct slot position.
87. What is an single access?
A transponder channel aboard a satellite may be fully loaded by a single transmission from earth station.
88. What is an multiple access technique?
A transponder to be loaded by a number of carriers. These may originate from a
number of earth station may transmit one or more of the carriers. This mode of operation known as multiple access technique.
89. What are the two types of multiple access technique?
* FDMA
* TDMA
90. What is meant by frequency reuse?
The satellite as a whole to be accessed by earth stations widely separated geographically but transmitting on the same frequency i.e. ,known as frequency reuse.
91. What is meant by space division multiple access?
The satellite as a whole to be accessed by earth stations widely separated
geographically but transmitting on the same frequency i.e. ,known as frequency reuse. This method of access known as space division multiple access.
92. Write the equations of C/N ratio. C/N0=(EIRP)+(G/T)-LOSSES-(K) dBHz.
93. What is an error detecting code?
A code which allows for the detection of errors is termed an error detecting code.
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